. , , ,

,,,

:

:

: ..

151-

: ...

..

2003

充3

酅..3

8

充9

...11

80- , . , , , , 1990 10,8 [1][1].

, , , . ( ), , .

, , , () , [2][2]. , , . , , . , .

, , , ( , , , - , ).

, . - - , , . , . (), , 1995 , , - 5-5.5%. 1999 6%.

, , , , , . . , , () - 1999 51%[3][1]. , , . , , , 800 .

, : , , () , , .

, , , , 53%[4][2], 33%. , . 1999 17,92 , 20 [5][3]. 1%, 1970 [6][4]. , , . 1991-1999.. 30%[7][5], 50%.

90- , -, , , , . , 1998 , , , . . , , . , , . . , , , , [8][6]. , , .

, , , .

, , . , . - (). 2000 4% - , , . 18% - , [9][7].

. . , , ( 2000 ). 60% . , , , - . , , , [10][8]. , , . , , , [11][9]. , , . , , .

, (7.1% - 1999 ), (6.7%) (5%) , 4.6%[12][10]. () , . , 1998 7.5% 6%, 1999 4.2%. , , . - , , , , . , ( ), , , . , , . , , , .

, . , , , - , . , , , . , , , , . , .

. 1995 . , - 60 . 1993-1994.., , .

, , . , 10% . , . (37.7%), (13.5%), (13.1%), (12.3%)[13][11].

: , 20% [14][12]. , , . 30% - [15][13].

. , , , . . , , , .

, . , (Partner Search). - . .

, . , , . - , , 2-3 , . , , , , .

, , , , - .

.

, , . . , , , , .

- , , , - . , , ( second-hand).

. , , , . , , , .

, , 1% , , - , . / , . , . . , . , .

, , . , , , , : -, ; -, - , , , .

(, , - ) 4-5 , . , , . : .

, . , .

1.   Foyn F. Community Innovation Survey 1997/1998. Eurostat, Research and Development, Theme 9- 2/1999, .15.

2.   Role of Science and Technology in Creation Favorable Innovation Climate in Russia. Ministry of Industry, Science, and Technology of RF. Background paper. Helsinki Seminar, March 1-2, 2001, p.7-8.

3.   .. 2000 . // , 9, 2000, .27.

4.   , 4, 1997, .11.

5.   .. (.). . I. , 2000, .108-127.

6.   .. - : - . .

7.   .., .., .., .. : 1995-2000.. - . ., , 2000.

8.   2000. . ., , 2000.

9.   . . ., 2000.



[1][1] - . . ., 2000, .316.

2 [2] - 2000. . ., , 2000, .142.

[3][1] - ... 2000 . // , 9, 2000, .27.

[4][2] - F.Foyn. Community Innovation Survey 1997/1998. Eurostat, Research and Development, Theme 9- 2/1999, .15.

[5][3] - . . ., 2000, .316.

[6][4] - . . ., 2000, .315.

[7][5] - .. , .., .., ... : 1995-2000.. - -. ., , 2000, .79.

[8][6] - .. (.). . I. , 2000, .108-109.

[9][7] - ... - : - . .

[10][8] - .. (.). . I. , 2000, .108-127.

[11][9] - .. , .., .., ... : 1995-2000.. - . ., , 2000.

[12][10] - 2000. . ., , 2000, .126.

[13][11] - Role of Science and Technology in Creation Favorable Innovation Climate in Russia. Ministry of Industry, Science, and Technology of RF. Background paper. Helsinki Seminar, March 1-2, 2001, p.7-8.

[14][12] - , 4, 1997, .11.

[15][13] - , 4, 1997, .7.

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