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.

.

ATM, ATM , .


1.

1.1  

, () .

.

- , . , , , . Ethernet Token Ring .25 frame relay . , , , , .., .

. . , Fast Ethernet 100VG-AnyLAN, , , , 10‑ Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI, . - , , ATM [2].

, , , . , , . , , .

. , . , .

, , . , : IP, IPX, DECnet, Banyan IP, AppleTalk. , , . , , , , , , .

(RIP, OSPF, NLSP).

, [3].

. -, , , . . -, , .

, , RIP IP, RIP IPX, OSPF, NLSP, IGRP. , , .

.

, :

;

.

1.2

 

, . .

.

.

N‑, N‑1 , N‑. , , N‑, N‑1 . , .

.

, , , , , . .

, , , .

.

, [4].

. K ( ). , , :

TDM;

- STDM;

;

;

;

.

, . TDM , . STDM , , , . , ( ) . .

. , , .

. , . [5].

.

.

() , , . , , , , , .

. , Ethernet Token Ring , , . IP IPX , , , , [7].

, , , , . , , ATM-Ethernet, , .

(IP IPX). , , , . , , , , , .

, , , . , , . , , [8].

() .

(encapsulation) (tunneling) , . , , . NetBIOS, NetBIOS TCP/IP . , .

, , , . NetBIOS TCP, NetBIOS . NetBIOS TCP/IP . NetBIOS TCP .

. , -, IP‑ , - NetBIOS‑ . , , NetBIOS‑ , IP‑ , NetBIOS‑ .

. , .25 TCP, IP .25. , [9].

, , .

.

:

.

, .

, , , , .

, :

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. .

[10].

:

, , , .

, .

.

.

, [11].

, .

1.3

, , : , . .

, . , () .. . () () , . , . .

.

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, .

.

, , , . , .

, , , , , . , ,  / ..

, . , , , . . , .

.

. , . , .

RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP, . , , , .. , . . , , , . .

.

, , . , , Ethernet WAN‑, xDSL, PPP, ATM, Frame relay .. , .

() ( Juniper), , . ( Linux) , GNU Zebra[12].

.

(. . switch ) , . , , . , ( ) , .

OSI, MAC‑. .

.

, MAC‑ . , . - . , MAC‑ -, . , , , MAC‑ , , . MAC‑ - , . , .

.

. , .

(Store and Forward). , , .

(cut-through). . , .

(fragment free) . . ( 64 store-and-forward, cut-through).

.

( ). () () OSI. , Layer 2 Switch , L2. Web‑, SNMP, RMON (, Cisco) .. : VLAN, QoS, , . , (, 4 24 96 ).

, . [13].

.

(. ; . repeater) .

. . OSI . , , .

, . /.

. , - , .

, , . , , . ( Ethernet).

Ethernet , . (repeater), . , (concentrator). , , , .

10baseT ( ) (), (), , . , .

.

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(), . .

.

OSI, . , . , . , Ethernet .

, . . , , , , , , , [14].

, , OSI , .

.

, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 24 48 ( 4, 8 16). . , . .

/, 10, 100 1000. , , 10/100/1000 /. , . , , .

, , , [15].

.

, . - . , , .

(18371901 .), 1950‑ . , 1970‑; , .

.

( . co axis , ) . , . , , . , . , . ; . ( ). . . . ( ) .

.

(. twisted pair) , , ( ), . ( ) , . ( ) UTP 5 . . , Ethernet, Arcnet Token ring. , , [16].

. , , .

. .

. .


2.

 

2.1 ATM

 

, ATM, :

ATM (cell-relay);

ATM (connection-oriented);

ATM .

.

: , (cells). Ethernet , (frames). . -, , (.. ), . , . -, , : . [17].

, , , . (latency) , (), , . , (, ), .

, ATM ( , , ), . , . , . , ; , , , .

, , , , ( , ), , . , , [18].

(American National Standards Institute ANSI) , (International Telecommunications Union ITU), ATM, . , . , . , , , , . , 53 , 48 5 [19].

.

ATM . , : , , - .

, Ethernet Token Ring, , , .

, . . , . , , .

(Quality of Service QoS), .. , . QoS , . , . , (), , [21].

.

ATM , , , , . , , , . .

, , . : , .

Ethernet , . Ethernet ATM: , .

ATM Ethernet. ATM , , . , , Ethernet, . Ethernet , [23].

ATM‑ Ethernet , ATM , Ethernet . , ATM ; , , . , . 10 10 /, 100 /. , .

2.2 ATM

, Ethernet Token Ring, (Open Systems Interconnection OSI). ATM , .

ATM ANSI ITU ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B-ISDN). B-ISDN - (WAN), . ATM Forum ATM B-ISDN , . , ISDN, (MAN) . 3.

ATM, ANSI, ITU ATM Forum, :

;

ATM;

ATM.

, OSI. ATM , .. , OSI. ATM , , OSI, ATM‑ [24].

, ATM , OSI.

ATM, OSI , . , ATM , , ATM.

ATM , ATM ATM . ATM Forum DS3 (45 /) . ATM 45 / WAN. ATM 25 155 /. ATM Forum ATM 25 /, , , . 25‑ ATM (UTP) 3, UTP . 25‑ ATM , ATM .

155‑ ATM UTP 5, (STP) 1, . 622‑ ATM ( , , ). Olivetti Research Labs ATM, 10 / [25].

2.3 ATM

 

OSI , . ATM , ATM. ATM OSI, , OSI .

ATM , , , 5‑ ATM. , (QoS), ATM‑ .

ATM . ATM ATM, . ; , , .

, , , . :

, ;

, (virtual circuit identifiers VCI) (virtual path identifiers VPI).

, VCI VPI .

:

(permanent virtual circuits PVC);

(switched virtual circuits SVC);

(smart permanent virtual circuits SPVC) [26].

PVC , . ATM‑ , , PVC .

PVC , , . PVC , .

SVC , . , ATM , VCI VPI . SVC .

SVC , . ATM , , . QoS ATM.

, : , . , , (connection admission control CAC).

SPVC PVC SVC. PVC, SPVC . ATM‑ . , .

ATM PVC. SVC SPVC .

PVC SVC. , SVC, , PVC , . , PVC , ATM‑ , .

SVC PVC. SVC , PVC, , SVC, . , , . , SVC , , PVC , . SVC , , . , SVC : , , .

SPVC . PVC, SPVC , , . SVC, SPVC . SPVC : PVC, SPVC , [27].

ATM (virtual path). , , , , , . , , .

, , . . , 120 / 30 / .

2.4 ATM

 

OSI , . ATM ATM :

, ;

ATM, QoS;

.

ATM ( AAL), . ATM, , , , . AAL , ATM.

AAL . , AAL 5, 48 ATM. , .

ATM :

(constant bit rate CBR);

(variable bit rate VBR);

(unspecified bit rate UBR);

(available bit rate ABR).

( 4).

(QoS) .

CBR , - , . CBR , . CBR , CBR , . , WAN‑, , [28].

VBR, : VBR (Real-time VBR RT-VBR) , . VBR (Non-real-time VBR NRT-VBR) , (frame relay).

VBR , , CBR. , CBR, VBR .

UBR TCP/IP, . VBR, UBR . , , . UBR , UBR‑ .

UBR, ABR , , . UBR , ABR .

CBR, VBR, UBR, ABR , , . (QoS) [29].

(Cell loss ratio) , .

(Cell transfer delay) ( ), .

(Cell delay variation CDV) . CDV - .

. ATM , QoS. , CBR , ATM QoS , , .

ATM QoS , .. . , , . , . , ATM , : QoS , . , , .

ATM QoS . , ; - , . ATM, , .

ATM , , , QoS. , ATM , (Resource Preservation Protocol RSVP), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), , QoS. , , ATM, QoS, FORE Systems Legacy Application Quality of Service, ATM. QoS , .

ATM.

ATM Forum , ATM, :

User-to-Network Interface (UNI -) ;

Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI -, .

, ATM[30].

UNI, ATM Forum, , . 5 , . , -, .. - AAL . ATM, , . , .

ATM Forum UNI UNI 3.0 UNI 3.1. , , UNI 3.1 ITU. , , UNI 3.1 UNI 3.0 . , UNI 3.0, UNI 3.1. ATM Forum UNI 4.0, , ABR . UNI 4.0 UNI 3.1.

PNNI, ATM Forum, , . 5 , ATM. , ATM . , , , .

PNNI , NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), IPX, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), IP‑. , ATM. , .

, PNNI , . ATM‑ , , . , , .

. , FORE Systems, ATM, , 200 .

, (peer groups). , , . , ( ), , . , , , . PNNI, [31].

, PNNI . , , .

, , . .

PNNI , . PNNI , , ATM . , , , , , , .

. , .

, , ( 155 622 /), , ( ).

, , .

, Frame Relay.

, , .


ATM SDH - ( ) ( ). SDH‑ STM‑1. , STM‑1 . : STM‑1 chan, STM‑1 ATM, 3, E1, serial, Fast ethernet. , . , . E1 (CES) AAL1, AAL2 -, . (QoS) .

, . ( ). - Ethernet 1 / , 622 /.

, . , , . , , , .

, (, , ..) . , - , , 622 /. , .

, , . , , (, Ethernet). , , , , , . , , . , , . . .

, , , . , . , 30% .

. 62 , -, , , (LANE Local Area Network Emulation), , , .. Anchorage Accord, ATM , .

, , . , . , , , .

ATM . ATM . ATM . ATM . ATM‑ ATM , , . ATM (, FDDI).

ATM . ATM . ATM ATM. , ATM (, multimedia ..) ATM.

ATM, , , . ATM , . , , , .

ATM . , SVC , ATM multimedia‑. NHRP , ATM multimedia , -, .

multimedia‑ . , ATM , , . ATM , , .

ATM , ATM . , ATM .


1. .. . . 2. B-ISDN, ATM. : -, 2008 .

2. , , . ATM. . : -, 2009 .

3. . . : , 2009 .

4. -, -, . Cisco Frame Relay, ATM IP. Cisco Voice over Frame Relay, ATM and IP. : , 2008 .

5. . . : , 2007 .

6. . , . , .‑. . An Introduction to ATM Technology. : , 2007 .

7. .. , .. , .. . . : , 2009 .

8. . . . , . Troubleshooting, Maintaining & Repairing Networks. : -, 2008 .

9. .. . . : - , . 2007 .

10. .. , .. . , . : , 2006 .

11. . . . Computer Networks. : , 2009 .

12. .. , .. . . : , ‑, 2007 .

13. .. . . 3 . 1. . : - , . , 2007 .

14. .. , .. . . , , . . : , 2009 .

15. . . . : , 2006 .

16. . , . Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology. : -, 2005 .

17. .. . . : - , . , 2008 .

18. . . : -, 2006 .

19. .. , .. . , , . : , , , 2009 .

20. .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . -. : -, 2005 .

21. .. . , . : , 2007 .

22. .. . , , , , . : , 2007 .

23. .. . . 2. B-ISDN, ATM. : -, 2006 .

24. .. . . Internetworking Technologies Handbook. : , 2005 .

25. .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . . : , 2008 .

26. .  . Network Analysis and Troubleshooting. : , 2007 .

27. , . . Guide to Designing and Implementing Local and Wide Area Networks. : -, 2008 .

28. .. , .. , .. , .. . . : , ‑, 2009 .

29. . , . . . : , 2009 .

30. .. , .. . . : -, 2008 .

31.  ..  . .: , 2007 .

. , ,

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :