,,,
1. ,
2.
2.1
̠
2.2
2.3
2.3.1 -
2.3.2
3.
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1. , .
investire - . . , . . (, , ) , . , , , , .
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2.2. .
XIX , . 1886 1914 2,3 , 33 1996 . , . , , , -. . , , , . . , . :
(1) ;
(2) .
. () , , , 1980- . :
2.1
|
|
|
|
- |
|
1949 |
|
AG |
|
1954 |
|
|
1973 |
||
|
|
1973 |
|
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1975 |
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1978 |
||
- |
1985 |
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1986 |
, , . 1990 175 :
68 , 50 , 38 , 21 .
. , . , , 30- 116- , , 1983 . ( 60%) - . : , Suomen Petrooli ( ), Teboil ( ) Konela ( ). : Amtorg Trading Corp. -, Morflot America Shipping Inc. , Marine Resources Co. , Sovfracht Ltd - Belarus Machinery Inc. .
, , , , . , , , .
. . , , , .
500. , . 40% , 60% , 50% . , , .
2. .
1990- . (UNCTAD) 1994 7 , 25 . 2001 150 . , . 147 , .. 2,5 , , 20 . , .. , 10 .
. 1989-2000 70 , , 170 500 . , , , . 1000 , 2000 .
2.1
[3]
, , , . , 2003 . 6 . . 2002 126 . , , 52, 74 . . , . . , , , , , , . 2002 , , 1, 6 . , 100 . , 2, 6 . .
, , . 2003 Moodys Investors Servic , . . . 2003 29, 699 .. 50, 1% , 2002 .
, . , 2001 20 .. , 60% .
2.2
, 2000 ( )
|
, |
|
|
|
|
(%) |
|
19.8 | 150.3 | 13 | |
() | 12.5 | 41.9 | 30 |
() | 7.3 | 108.4 | 7 |
( ) |
|||
11.6 | 19.2 | 60 | |
2.0 | 19.9 | 10 | |
1.5 | 36.5 | 4 | |
1.1 | 4.9 | 22 | |
0.8 | 21.1 | 4 | |
0.7 | 2.9 | 24 | |
0.7 | 4.5 | 16 | |
0.4 | 2.8 | 14 | |
0.3 | 4.9 | 6 |
, () () (). . , 2002 . - 2002 $ 8, 46 . 10 , . 2002 , 19,780 ..
2003 23, 264 ., 17% , 2002 . 5, 206 ., .. , . 2, 760 . , 71 ., 2, 375 .. :
- () 1, 272 .;
- 710 .;
- 512 .;
- 496 .;
- 490 .;
- 227 .;
- 170 .;
- 150 .;
- 140 .;
- 129 ..
, 2003 5, 943 ., 3, 602 ., 1, 223 ., 952 ., 243 ., 92 ., 63 .
2.3.1
2002-2003 . , , , -.
, 1 2002 , 66 , , , 1, 259 . , 57- . 965 . , 271 . , 24 . .
1 2003 , 1,4 , 1, 710 . , 1,5 (1, 437 . ), 1,8 (44 . ), , , 16% 228 . .
1, 058 . , 652 . .
2.1
, - , . 1, 516 . . 12 ( 106 . ) , . 1,5 50 . .
2.3
1 2003
( )
K | : 1.01.2002 | ||||
0 | 91 | 92 | 89 | 93 | |
40 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
0 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 6 | |
45 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
: | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
78% , 21% , 1% . (273 . ) (922 . ). , , 42 . 212 . 1 2002 .
53 62% (884 . ); , (40%, 18 . ). 1,8 . (481 . ), (321 . ) (66 . ).
63 28 . ( 13 . , 10 . ).
, (92%) . , ( 6%). (234 . ) (121 . ).
2.4
( 1 2003 )
(. )
() | : | ||||
- | () | () 1.01.2002 | |||
44 | 1 437 | 228 | 1 710 | 1 259 | |
: | |||||
, | 44 | 1 427 | 225 | 1 696 | 1 246 |
: | |||||
21 | 329 | 9 | 359 | 376 | |
20 | 214 | 0 | 234 | 223 | |
0 | 113 | 8 | 121 | 139 | |
0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | |
18 | 884 | 20 | 922 | 522 | |
0 | 481 | 0 | 481 | 421 | |
5 | 315 | 0 | 321 | 13 | |
0 | 46 | 20 | 66 | 46 | |
10 | 15 | 0 | 25 | 0 | |
2 | 27 | 0 | 29 | 42 | |
5 | 214 | 196 | 414 | 348 | |
0 | 94 | 179 | 273 | 29 | |
0 | 36 | 5 | 42 | 212 | |
2 | 17 | 0 | 19 | 15 | |
0 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 0 | |
0 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 7 | |
- | 0 | 17 | 11 | 28 | 63 |
3 | 23 | 1 | 27 | 22 | |
0 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 13 |
2.3.2 -
. , , , .
. , , . , - , . , , , , .. , , . , , , .
. :
1) UNCTAD 1,3 . 3- 10- . . :
(1) (3,2 .);
(2) (1,69 .);
(3) (1,55 .);
(4) (1,3 . );
(5) ) (1,25 . ).
: , . . 48% . , . . 1999 170 . , 1999 63 . 0,13% .
2) 500 . . , ˻, , , . -- , , .
. 1 2003 7- 354, 9 .. 2003 ѻ 5- 100 .. , 2003 , 4- .
3) 450 .. 100 .. :
(1) (: ; : 62 .; : );
(2) (; 19 .; );
(3) (; 15 .; ).
90% .
. ˻. 25 . , , . ѻ . 30 ., 34% Lietuvos dujos( ). , 20 . 300 ..
, . , .
, 2003.
2.5
,
|
|
|
|
|
49% , - $ 700 . | ||
Andrew Telecom | 100 % | ||
ѻ | / / | , - $ 1. , 29 , , 3% - . | |
˻ | Getty | ||
-- | 3 | 60% + 1 | |
50% + 1 | |||
- - | |||
ʻ | |||
49% , . ǻ, , 26, 4% | |||
˻ | |||
- - , 85% | |||
- | - Fairchild Dornier | FD | |
35 % , $ 40 . | |||
25 , - $ 50 . | |||
ѻ | MOL | ||
ܻ | FJOC | ||
˻ | , , | ||
ѻ | , | ||
ѻ | Mazeikiu Nafta | 53, 7% | |
Transpetrol | 49% |
2.3.3
.
, . UNCTAD 2003 , , ˻, , . ˻ , 2001 $ 5 . , $ 1 .
25 ( 2001.)
($ .) |
($ .) |
- () | ||||||
. | ||||||||
1. . |
|
|
5830, 0 |
15859, 0 |
8771, 0 |
14892, 0 |
13000 |
140000 |
2. |
|
|
998, 9 |
1133, 6 |
302, 3 |
392, 1 |
85 |
6976 |
3. | 459, 0 | 491, 2 | 191, 0 | 172, 9 | 1313 | 1762 | ||
4.Pliva Group | 281, 1 | 967, 6 | 477, 3 | 632, 2 | 2900 | 7208 | ||
5.Hrvatska Elektroprivreda | 272, 0 | 2357, 0 | 8, 0 | 775, 0 | 15071 | |||
6. |
|
|
267, 3 |
437, 9 |
114, 9 |
145, 7 |
1305 |
2629 |
7.Gorenje Group | . | 231, 5 | 486, 1 | 475, 4 | 661, 3 | 670 | 8186 | |
8.Krka | 190, 8 | 476, 6 | 235, 4 | 296, 0 | 595 | 3520 | ||
9. |
|
|
123, 0 |
377, 0 |
101, 0 |
318, 0 |
233 |
5608 |
10. Merkator d.d | . | 112, 7 | 868, 5 | 53, 0 | 1171, 5 | 1279 | 13692 | |
11. .MOL Hungarian Oil & Gas | 95, 6 | 3243, 2 | 819, 2 | 3850, 0 | 776 | 15218 | ||
12.Podravka Group | . . | 69, 3 | 357, 2 | 134, 3 | 303, 5 | 790 | 6885 | |
13.Petrol | 66, 9 | 478, 4 | 80, 0 | 1122, 8 | 24 | 1572 | ||
14.Zalakeramia | 65, 0 | 120, 0 | 39, 0 | 64, 0 | 1889 | 2921 | ||
15.Rihter Gedeon | 55., 9 | 496, 5 | 43, 5 | 309, 6 | 884 | 5007 | ||
16. Malev Hungarian Airlines | 41, 4 | 187, 0 | 299, 0 | 383, 4 | 49 | 2952 | ||
17.Intereuropa | 34, 0 | 200, 0 | 25, 0 | 163, 0 | 662 | 2230 | ||
18.Lek d.d | 28, 1 | 332, 4 | 219, 7 | 281, 2 | 252 | 2663 | ||
19.Petrom National Oil Co. | 28, 0 | 3151, 0 | 303, 0 | 2423, 0 | 149 | 77630 | ||
20.Horvatia Airways | 26., 3 | 328, 4 | 90, 4 | 141, 8 | 63 | 977 | ||
21.Merkur d.d. | 26, 1 | 397, 4 | 44, 8 | 436, 7 | 89 | 2824 | ||
22.KGHM Poska Miedz | 23, 8 | 372, 6 | 50, 4 | 610, 0 | 1076 | 1189 | ||
23.BLRT group AS | 22, 6 | 83, 7 | 31, 5 | 83, 8 | 1521 | 3415 | ||
24. Iscrameko | .- | 19, 0 | 86, 5 | 32, 8 | 115, 0 | 267 | 2114 | |
9.TVK Ltd. | 16, 6 | 462, 5 | 245, 6 | 489, 9 | 182 | 2987 |
˻. ˻ , . ˻ , upstream . 2003 2, 53 . 3% . 2001-2003 18%, 2003 23%.
, ExxonMobil Shell, "" 4- . (-, -222 , --), (, ), (, - , ) . - "LUKARCO B.V". ( "") 12,5% (), () .
"" Petrotel ( 4,7 ), (3,8 .), "" ( 10,5 ), "" (). , , , , , , . "" . 2000 "" "Getty Petroleum Marketing" (GPM). "Getty" 1291 13 - , 4% . 2004 ˻ 795 . 265 . 750 . , - . 1, 2 . , - . "" , , . , 75% - , . 2003 "" , 200 . 2002 "" , 25% .
˻ , 79, 5% Beopetrol. , 120 8% , 70 % . 2001 Bitech Petroleum, , , . ˻ , . WEEM. , , - 170 . 200 . . , 2007 . , 25- ( Norsk Hydro). Ecopetrol . -- 176 .
- . 77 , 1 .. . Intrigue Shipping. , 100% , , , . NOVOSHIP (UK) Ltd, .
. 6 , 252 . . . 4- .
45 , 30 . " " - , "-1" 2005 . "-1" - , . 70 . , , .
100 , , . 2001 "" -, - 9 , , . , , , .
, , , .
, . 20 2.7. . Wintershall Wingas Norsk Hydro, , HydroWingas Limited . , . Wingas 14-15% , Ruhrgas. 2003 Wingas 25% HubCo, - , . "" 10- Interconnector, . "" 1 . . 2003 $ 100-110 1000 .. , 2007-2008 20%. , , , , .
2.7, , 175 25 . , , , , 60% . 15 .
2.7
|
|
(%) |
|
GHW | 50 | ||
35 | |||
51 | |||
50 | |||
Eesti Gaas | 31 | ||
Gasum Oy | 25 | ||
North Transgas Oy | 50 | ||
FRAgaz | 50 | ||
Ditgaz | 49 | ||
Verbundnetz Gas | 5 | ||
Wingas | 35 | ||
Wintershall Erdgas Handelshaus | 50 | 2012. , () | |
Zarubezhgas Erdgashandel | 100 | ||
Prometheus Gaz | 50 | ||
Borsodchem | 25 | ||
DKG-EAST Co.Inc. | 38 | ||
General Banking and Trust Co.Ltd. | 26 | ||
Panrusgas | 40 | ||
TVK | 14 | ||
Promgaz | 50 | ||
Volta | 49 | ||
Latvijas Gaze | 16 | ||
Stella-Vitae | 30 | ||
50 | |||
Peter-gaz | 51 | ||
Europol Gaz | 48 | ||
Gas Trading | 35 | ||
WIROM | 25 | ( Wintershall Erdgas Handelshaus) | |
50 | |||
8 | |||
Gamma Gazprom | 45 | ||
51 | |||
40 | |||
Interconnector | 10 | () () | |
50 | |||
Progress Gas Traiding | 50 |
ѻ ""
. 2001
. 2001 ѻ
- Kvaerner ,
. ,
ѻ Kvaerner Process Technology , , .
Kvaerner
.
Jadranski Naftovod. 2002 ѻ
Mazeikiu Nafta,
, .
Mazeikiu Nafta 53, 7%. 2002 ѻ
49% Transpetrol
.
30 .
1, 7 . .
2002 ѻ
FT 500 - ,
Financial Times. 2003
Moody's Investors Service
- Ba2 (
). 2003 ѻ
FT 500
Financial Times ,
. 2003
Global 500 Fortune
ѻ
.
2003 13,5 .
(98 . ), 71,1% 2002
- -
ѻ Mazeikiu Nafta 4,5 . (34,6 . ).
2003 ,
Mazeikiu Nafta, 36,2 . (265 .
), 37,8% 2002 .
2003 8,8 . (62 . ), 14,7%
2002 .
,
2000 40 .
500 .
,
, 80% 2003 .
() . 2000 - . ʠ . Petrol () , , .
, . ¼ , . First International Oil Corporation ( ) Itera ( ). - . 2001 Ecopetrol . Sonatrach . , , . , , .
2001 . , . , . , , .
, , . , . 56% , . . Tupras. 90% . 2002 23, 3 . 11 .. Tupras 27 . , . 65, 76 % . , .
, , . 30% .
2.8 .
2.8
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|
, , . - . 2000 1,6 . . 1992 . , , . Catoca, 35%. 2000 150 . 2002 , . , , .
, , . 2000 Sogem Norgem . Norgem , 51% . 2003 341 . Stillwater Mining . 300 , 1983 . Argosy Minerals .
, 60% . , . 285 . Rouge Industries . , Stillwater Mining, . , , , , , .
() 2000 . 70% . , 50% . 30%, 20% . . . 25 -. "Cemitrade S.A". (Oradia) . 74% "". 2002 "" "Aldoga Aluminium" , 500 . .
2001 , "Alcoa", "Alcan" "Pechiney".
75% () , , , - . . .
2.9 .
2.9
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||
, , , | ||
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||
, | - | |
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||
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||
, | ||
, | ||
|
3.
, . , . , , . , , British Petroleum , , , , , .
, , . , , . : . 3.1 . . , .
. , . , .
, . , .
. ,
1. , ࠠ 2.
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