,,,
1
..
9 "" ࠠ ..
, 2001 .
.............................................................................................................................. 2
...................................................................................................................................... 3
1. ............................................................................................ 4
2. .................................................................................................................. 6
3. . ...................................................... 7
3.1 ............................................................................................................... 7
3.2 .................................................................................................... 8
3.4 ....................................................................................................... 12
3.4.1 ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.2 .............................................................................................................. 13
3.4.3 .................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.4 ............................................................................................................................ 14
4. . ...................................... 14
4.1 1. (III)............................................................ 14
4.2 2. (III)................................... 15
4.3 3. (VI).................................. 16
4.4 4. (VI)...................................... 16
4.5 5. ....................................... 17
4.6 6. ....... 17
4.7 7. ........................................................... 18
5. ...................................................................................................... 18
5.1 ................................................................................................................ 20
5.2 ............................................................................................................................... 22
6. ................................................................................... 24
........................................................................................................................... 26
.............................................................................................................................. 27
....................................................................................................................... 28
, , , . , , , , -, .
, .
1766 .. , , 15 . , - , . , 1770 , ... , - , - , 1752 . , , . ( ), ... . .... . .
XVIII . . 1796 . , , - , - () . , , , , . , , , - , ... , , ; , , ...
1797 . . , . , , . , ( ) , . , , 3 , . . (- - ) - . , . , , .
1854 . , , , - . 1820 . 1865 .
2.83 /, 0,035%, 2´10-5 /. 1,8 . . 60% . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , [1]. (, , .) ( ) 6,4 . . (0,36% ).
12 . . , 108 . . . - , , 60% .
. ., . ( . ) 1,5´4 , 500 . . 42% .
Cr2O3 ( 65%), (65-52%), (52-45%), (45-30%), (30-10%). , 45% Cr2O3 .
() |
(, .) |
||
Cr2O3 , % |
46,6 | 39,1 | 62 |
1-
2-
- , , , - , 1878220, 24690 [2]. , , , . . .
.
- , , . : 37 , . , . , , . .
1-
200C |
7,19 /3 |
1878220 |
|
2469-2480 0C |
|
344,4 / | |
93,7 /(´) | |
6,2´10-6 |
|
|
12,7´10-8´ |
|
687 |
+4,45´10-8/3 |
3.3
( ). 6000C , , , , , , . , , , , , . . 12000C , . 20000C - Cr2O3.
H2SO4 HNO3, [3]:
2Cr + 6H2SO4(.) = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Cr + 6HNO3(.) = Cr(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
(HCl H2SO4). Cr2+, - Cr3+:
Cr + 2HCl = CrCl2+ H2
4Cr + 12HCl +3O2 = 4CrCl3 + 6H2O
H3PO4, HClO4 .
2-
0600 0 |
6001200 0 |
12002000 0 |
1. 2Cr0 + 3F20 = 2Cr+3F3- |
1. : 2Cr0 + 3Cl20 2Cr+3Cl3- |
1. : 4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3 |
2. : 2Cr0 + 3S0 Cr2+2S3-2 |
||
3. : 2Cr0+ N20 2Cr+3N-3 |
||
4. : 4Cr0 + 3Si0 Cr4+3Si3-4 |
||
5. Cr0 + B0 Cr+3B-3 |
||
6. 4Cr0 + 30 Cr4+3C3-4 |
||
7. : 4Cr0 + 3O20 = 2Cr2+3O3-2 |
||
8. : 2Cr0 + 6H2+SO4-2 = Cr2+3(SO4)3-2 + 3S-2O2 +6H2O |
(II) CrO () - , . .
(III) Cr2O3 () .
Cr2O3 + H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
Cr2O3 + 2NaOH = Na2CrO4 + H2O
(VI), :
4CrO3 2Cr2O3 + 32
(NH4)2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O
4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3
(III) () ():
Cr2O3 +2Al = Al2O3 +2Cr
2Cr2O3 + 3Si = 3SiO3 + 4Cr
(VI) CrO3 () - . H2SO4 :
K2Cr2O7 + 2H2SO4 = 2CrO3 + 2KHSO4 + H2O
(VI) - , .
CrO3 H2CrO4
CrO3 + H2O = H2CrO4
, , CrO42-.
CrO3 + 2KOH = K2CrO4 + H2O
(III) , ( ):
2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
( ):
Cr(OH)3 + KOH = K[Cr(OH)4]
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH = NaCrO2 + 2H2O
(III) (III) Cr2O3.
2Cr(OH)3 Cr2O3 + 3H2O
.
, +6 CrO3 H2O, . CrO3, ( ) H2CrO4.
CrO3 + H2O = H2CrO4
CrO3 nCrO3 H2O n=2, 3, 4 , , , , . - , H2Cr2O7. - .
:
RCrO2 HCrO2.
Cr(OH)3 + NaOH = NaCrO2 + 2H2O
- . , 1545-17300. .
- . H2CrO4 () R2CrO4, H2Cr2O7 () - R2Cr2O7. . , - :
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 = Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
: ; ; (NH4)2Cr2O7 ().
. , . . .
, . - , , - . - .
: (III) Cr2O3 :
(NH4)2Cr2O7Cr2O3+N2+4H2O
: ; H2O; (III) Cr2O3;
. (III)
Cr2O3 + 3H2O = 2Cr(OH)3
Cr2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
.
: .
: K2Cr2O7; Na2SO3; H2SO4.
. K2Cr2O7, , Na2SO4. .
- .
: (VI) (III):
K2Cr2O7 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O
: K2Cr2O7; HCl
. K2Cr2O7 HCl. , .
: (VI) , :
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2CrCl3 + 2KCl + 7H2O
:
2Cl- -2Cl20
: K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, , .
. , .
2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 = K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 + H2O
, .
K2Cr2O7 + 4NaOH = 2Na2CrO4 + 2KOH + H2O
: , CrO42- Cr2O72- ,
2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O.
: K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, AgNO3.
. , - , , - .
K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3= Ag2CrO4¯ + 2KNO3
K2Cr2O7 + AgNO3 Ag2CrO4¯+ KNO3
:
: (III) CrCl3, ( ) NaOH.
. (III) - .
: Cr(OH)3 :
CrCl3 + 3NaOH = Cr(OH)3¯ + 3NaCl
5.
, .
. , 22000, . - ( ) . , .
, , , . , . , ( ).
- . 12 K2Cr2O7, 70 22 H2SO4.
, , , . (PbCrO4, ZnCrO4, SrCrO4) - . - - SnCrO4, .
. : Al2O3 (III), - - . : .
(III) . , , , , . , , (III). : (III), , , , . 30 .
(III) , .
, - . .
, ( ), , . , , . , .
, 20- . , , . . - 6. (, , , ) 0,1 . - , , . (0,0002-0,0005 ).
. ( ) : , , . .
, . - , , , , , , . , .
- , , . . , , . 1000 , , , . ; - , . ( ) , . , . , .
.
3-
Cr |
Fe |
Ni |
Al |
Co |
W |
|
|
65% | 35 % | ||||
|
15-30% | 70-85% | ||||
|
17-30% | 64-79% | 4-6% | |||
|
20-25% | 1-3% | 45-60% | 5-29% |
- , . - , , . , , .
, 1000-13000C, , .
650-900 . , , .
, ; , .
- , .
.
- , , 17-19% 8-13% . : , , , . ( 0,1%).
. . , , , 25-30% . 1000.
.
6.( , )
. , . , . , .
4-
CrO3 |
Cr2O3 |
|
, /3 |
0,01 | 1,0 |
/3 |
0,0015 | - |
- - , / | 0,1 | 1,0 |
, / | 0,1 | 0,5 |
. : , .
, . , , .
- VI .
, : .
. 370.
. , .
- , . . "" .
.
1. .., .. . // . - .: , 1999. - 25 .
2. ., . .- . 2- . . . . .: , 1971.- 360 .
3. . : . . . . . / .- . ... - .: , 1999. -448 .
4. . / . . ...- .: , 1975.- 384 .
5. / . .., ...- .: , 1982.- 368 .
()
.1-
|
FeO*Cr2O3 FeCr2O4 |
MgO*Cr2O3 MgCr2O4 |
|
F*(l,r)2O3 Fe(Al,Cr)2O4 |
|
(Mg,Fe)(Al,r,F)2O3, (Mg,Fe)O*(AI,r,F)23 |
|
(Fe*Al)2O3*2Cr2O3 |
|
FeS*Cr2S3 |
|
PbCrO4 |
|
2(Pb*Cu)CrO4(Pb*Cu)3(PO4)2 |
|
3PbO*2Cr2O3 |
|
(PbO)2*(PbCrO4)PbCrO3 |
.2-
II | CrO | ||
III |
Cr2O3 |
||
VI |
CrO3 |
.1-
1
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