,,,
1.
) ;
) .
:
) 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2h
:
ne Na .
) Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH
:
n Na2O.
|c.o| Na
2. , np4.
, np4 :
8 O 2s22p4 1s22s22p4
ࠠ 16 S 3s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p4
34 Se 4s24p4 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4
𠠠 52 Te 5s25p4 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p4
頠 84 Po 6s26p4 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p4
p .
3. , : : ) Mg(OH)2 Ba(OH)2; ) Ca(OH)2 Co(OH)2; ) Ca(OH)2 Zn(OH)2? ,
, , .
) : Mg(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2;
, , .. ;
) Ca(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 . . d- ( d-), , ;
) Ca(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 .. (d-, f-)
ZnCl2 +NaOH = Zn(OH)2 +NaCl c
Zn(OH)2+HCl=ZnCl2+H2O
Zn+ H2O+2KOH=K2[Zn(OH)4]+H2h Zn
Zn +2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + H2h
Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2h
4. 16 . CaC2 31,27 . Ca(OH)2
CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2+ C2H2h-rHp
1) CaC2 :
(CaC2)=64 /
M(CaC2)=16
2) .. 0,25 2 31,27 , .. 1 , 1 2
0,25 31,27
1,0
3) :
rH(2)=-62,7
rH(H2O)=-285,8
rH(C2H2)= 226,8
4) rHp :
rHp=∑rH() ∑rH ( );
rHp=(rH (Ca(OH)2)+ rH(C2H2)) (rH(CaC2)+2rH(H2O)) =>
rHp=rH (Ca(OH)2+ rH(C2H2) rH(CaC2) 2rH(H2O), rH (Ca(OH)2:
rH (Ca(OH)2=rHp rH(C2H2) + rH(CaC2) + 2rH(H2O) :
rH (Ca(OH)2=-125,08 (226,8)+(-62,7)+2*(-285,8)=-125,08226,862,72*285,8= = 986,18/
: -986,2 /
5. N2 +3H2 ↔ 2NH3 (/): [N2] = 0,3; [H2] = 0,9; [NH3] = 0,4. , , 4 . ?
.
1.
ϑ() = k ∗ CN2 ∗ (CH2)3
ϑ() = k ∗ (NH3)2
2. ( 4 )
ϑ() = k ∗ 4 ∗ CN ∗ (4∗CH2)3 = k ∗ 256 ∗ CN ∗ (CH2)3
ϑ() = k ∗ (4∗NH3)2 = k ∗ 16 ∗ (NH3)2
3.
ϑ() k ∗ 256 ∗ CN ∗ (CH2)3
ϑ() k ∗ CN2 ∗ (CH2)3
6. - : ) BaCO3 HNO3; ) Fe2(SO4)3 KOH; ) HCl K2S; ) CH3COOK HCl
) BaCO3 â+ 2HNO3 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2CO3h
BaCO3â+22++2NO3- = Ba2+ +2NO3 +2H+ + CO32-
BaCO3â= Ba2+ + CO32-
) Fe2(SO4)3+6KOH=2Fe(OH)3â+3K2SO4
2Fe3+ +3SO42 +6K+ +6OH =2Fe(OH)3â+6K+ +3SO42-
2Fe3+ +6OH =2Fe(OH)3â
) 2HCl+K2S=H2S+2KCl
2H++2Cl +2K+ +S2 =2H+ +S2 +2K+ +2Cl-
, (), :
2HCl+K2S=H2Sh+2KCl
2H++2Cl - +2K+ + S2- = H2Sh +2K+ +2Cl -
2H+ +S2- = H2Sh
) CH3COOK+HCl=CH3COOH+KCl
CH3COO - + K++H++Cl =CH3COO - + H++ K+ +Cl
CH3COO - + K++H++Cl =CH3CO + K+ +Cl -, CH3CO
CH3COO - + H+ =CH3CO
7. , , ? ,
:
() Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+)
: Zn0-2e=Zn2+
: Ag++e=Ag0
.. 0(Ag)> 0(Zn)
0(Ag+ |Ag)= +0,80
0(Zn2+ | Zn)= -0,763
( ), ( );
:
= 0 0 =0,80 (-0,763)=1,562
: 1,562 .
8. . , (HCl)? , .
, :
2Al+6H+→2Al3+ +3H2h
, (.. ) ( ).
( ) . :
2H+ +2e→H2h
:
2Al+6HCl→2AlCl3+3H2h
:
() Al |AlCl3|Cu(+)
.
9. : , (II), , , ?
, (0>>-0,41) . (II) :
|
()
:
:
:
.
1. .. : . : - , 2008. 160 .
2. .. . . . ., 2002. 558 .
3. .. : . . : - , 2010. 44 .
4. : . , , / .: .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . : - , 2007. 92 .
1. ) ; ) . : ) 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2h : ne Na
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