. , , ,

,,,

,

. 2

II. .. 3

2.1. . 3

2.2. . 15

2.3. - (BRD) 40

III. . 44

3.1. . . 44

3.2. . . 44

3.3. - . 46

3.4. . . 47

3.5. . 51

3.6. . 56

3.7. . 60

3.8. . 61

3.9. , , . 62

3.10. . 63

IV. . 64

4.1. . 64

4.2. . 64

4.3. . 65

V. .............................................................................................75


() . - . , , , .

, [ ] , .

, , .

, , , Ps, , .


II.

 

2.1.

, . :

1) ;

2) ();

3) .

, . 1 .

1) , :

) ( 1 . 1)

. 1 2, 5. 3, 4, 1 .

) ( 1 . 2)

2 , 3, 18 19.

, , , .

9 8, , 10 13 7 5, 1 6 . 13 5 5 7 . 4, 15, 16, 17, 11, 12 14 18, 19 .

3 1, , 22, 1 . 21 20.

) ( 1 . 3)

3, , 4, 2 5 7.

2 7 , 8 1 6. 2 7 25 , 1 6 ( 24).

2 7 , 1 6 2 7, 8 16. ( ) 1 6 , . 8 16 15. 14, , 17. , 17 . 10, 11. 10 13, . 10 9 11 13 . 13 12 , . , 1 6 , , , , . .

, , , . . , . . , , , .

2) () :

) ( 1, . 4).

, . , .

. , , . . , . , . , , , . . ( , ) , , . , , , , . , . . , . . , , , , .

) ( 1, . 5)

. 1 2 , , , , . , .

, , . 4, .

8, 10 . 9 7 13, 14 8 10 11 , , 6, 5, , 13, 14.

11 12, 1 2, , 3.

, . , , .

. , , , , , . - , .

) :

         ( 1, . 6)

1, , 2. 5 6. 4, 5 3, , 12, 4. 5, , 7, . . 7 , 11, 13, . : 10 , 8 7, 9 10. , 7 10 . , 13, 7, 10; , . , , .

         ( - US - ) ( 1, . 7)

1, 4 2, 3, 6. 1 5 V1 V (. 1).


(. 23 )

.1.

, ( ), - . , .

, , , , .

         ( - BRD - ) ( 1, . 8).

- 1, - 2, 3, 6. 7. 5 4 , . - .

, r1, .

, , . =0 . r R r1.

R , r1 - ( ).

. .

s , . , 1, . 8, , /2. , - .

         , ( 1, . 9)

, . , . . . .

. , -.

, , - , , .

, :

-       , .. ;

-       , ;

-       ;

-       , ;

-       .

, . , , .

, ( ), .

         ( 1, . 10)

1, 2, 5, 6 7 . 8 9, 10. 11, 13, 14. 15 , 11 10 , . 12 1 2, 15, 11 . 3 4, 6 , , 7. 2 1 , . .

, , .

, , . , . , , , .

2.2.

:

-    - (US)

-    - (BRD)

-    -

, , .

- - , .

- - :

1.      . ( , ..) , , , ( ).

2.      , , .

:

r ;

R US (), BRD ;

r1 ( );

- .

:

:

. ( ), . . 2 ,

= 1 + 2 (1)

(2)

(3)


. 2.

(2) (3) (1) :

,

-:

. 3. - (BRD)

R (. 3),

(5)

(6)

(7)

(6), (7) (8) -:

(8)

-:

. 4. - (US)

(9)

(10)

(9) (10) -:

(11)

(8) (11). r = 1 , :

(12)

(13)

a, , . 1 . 5.

1.

()

 

a

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

-

-

-

-

-

-

216,72

242,88

270,48

299,52

330

361,92

395,28

430,08

25,12

30,40

36,17

42,45

49,24

56,52

60,35

64,31

68,39

72,60

76,93

81,39

85,97

90,68


. 1 . 5 , - , -.


,

:

㠠 (14) [ ]

,

1, 2 .

= 2,12*106 /2

-

-

(15)

- , I II ;

- , I II () ;

- , ,

(16)

- ().

- r = 1.

[] cons1, - - .

- (BRD) (17):

r = 1

(17)

- (US) (18):

r = 1

(18)

. 2.

2.

BRD US.

b = 0.5 b = 1.0 b = 1.5 b = 2.0 b = 2.5 b = 3.0

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.488

0.478

0.469

0.462

0.455

0.448

0.443

0.438

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.955

0.917

0.885

0.857

0.833

0.813

0.794

0.778

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.400

1.320

1.255

1.200

1.154

1.114

1.080

1.050

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.826

1.692

1.586

1.500

1.429

1.368

1.317

1.273

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.234

2.037

1.885

1.765

1.667

1.585

1.517

1.458

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.625

2.357

2.156

2.000

1.875

1.773

1.688

1.615

0.333

0.375

0.412

0.444

0.474

0.500

0.512

0.524

0.535

0.546

0.556

0.565

0.574

0.583

(16) b BRD US.

US:

(19)

BRD:

(20)

a, b = (19) (20) US BRD, 5, 6 , , .

) = = 00.

= = 00: = 1 - . .

BRD (20) = = 00:

(21)

+ ab > a+b

- ab < a+b

BRD = = 00 (21) . 3.


3.

= = 00

= = 00

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

0,9535

0,9130

0,8776

0,8462

0,8182

0,7931

0,7705

0,7500

0,9091

0,8333

0,7692

0,7143

0,6667

0,6250

0,5882

0,5556

0,8667

0,7600

0,6727

0,6000

0,5385

0,4857

0,4400

0,4000

0,8261

0,6923

0,5862

0,5000

0,4286

0,3684

0,3171

0,2727

0,7872

0,6296

0,5082

0,4118

0,3333

0,2683

0,2135

0,1667

0,7500

0,5714

0,4375

0,3333

0,2500

0,1818

0,1250

0,0769

(5, 6) . 4.

4.

= = 00

= = 00

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

1,655

1,465

1,370

1,311

1,269

1,239

1,215

1,197

1,452

1,291

1,214

1,169

1,137

1,115

1,095

1,084

1,347

1,206

1,141

1,102

1,079

1,062

1,050

1,039

1,281

1,153

1,094

1,067

1,047

1,033

1,024

1,018

1,233

1,117

1,069

1,042

1,027

1,017

1,010

1,006

1,197

1,089

1,049

1,027

1,014

1,007

1,004

1,002

 

. 2 4 . 5 . 6


5.

= = 00

= = 00

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

1,080

0,718

0,566

0,481

0,423

0,382

0,352

0,329

2,792

1,809

1,401

1,173

1,020

0,916

0,828

0,771

4,790

3,056

2,340

1,927

1,673

1,486

1,350

1,237

7,009

4,388

3,294

2,733

2,344

2,063

1,862

1,710

9,355

5,783

4,341

3,524

3,010

2,643

2,371

2,164

11,818

7,175

5,366

4,333

3,665

3,210

2,884

2,624

) = = 50.

(19) (20) = = 50. . 6.

6.

= = 50.

= = 50

= = 50

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9646

0,9240

0,8884

0,8569

0,8289

0,8037

0,7810

0,7605

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9383

0,8621

0,7976

0,7424

0,6946

0,6528

0,6159

0,5832

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9206

0,8130

0,7253

0,6524

0,5910

0,5386

0,4934

0,4542

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9108

0,7758

0,6696

0,5841

0,5141

0,4560

0,4073

0,3663

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9082

0,7493

0,6288

0,5350

0,4609

0,4016

0,3540

0,3159

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9120

0,7323

0,6011

0,5029

0,4284

0,3719

0,3295

0,2683

0,9966

0,9964

0,9963

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9962

0,9963

0,9963

0,9963

. 6 . 7

7.

= = 50.

= = 50.

= = 50

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,746

1,504

1,395

1,329

1,285

1,251

1,226

1,207

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,567

1,338

1,244

1,190

1,155

1,128

1,110

1,093

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,492

1,263

1,177

1,128

1,097

1,079

1,065

1,053

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,463

1,221

1,139

1,093

1,071

1,054

1,041

1,033

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,450

1,196

1,117

1,078

1,055

1,040

1,031

1,024

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,461

1,181

1,102

1,068

1,047

1,034

1,027

1,022

2,736

2,706

2,692

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,678

2,692

2,692

2,692

. 2 . 7 . 8 . 7.

8.

= = 50.

- , ( . 48)

) = = 100.

(19) (20) = = 100. . 9.


9.

= = 100.

= = 100.

= = 100

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9970

0,9560

0,9200

0,8881

0,8597

0,8343

0,8114

0,7907

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9423

0,8765

0,8202

0,7715

0,7290

0,6917

0,6586

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9533

0,8627

0,7877

0,7249

0,6715

0,6258

0,5862

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9829

0,8714

0,7822

0,7097

0,6499

0,6001

0,5582

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,8958

0,7955

0,7164

0,6530

0,6018

0,5600

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0,9360

0,8210

0,7369

0,6715

0,6201

0,5793

0,9865

0,9858

0,9853

0,9850

0,9849

0,9848

0,9848

0,9848

0,9849

0,9849

0,9850

0,9851

0,9851

0,9852

. 9 . 10.


10.

= = 100.

= = 100.

= = 100

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,800

1,672

1,490

1,394

1,334

1,292

1,261

1,237

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,586

1,368

1,272

1,217

1,179

1,153

1,132

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,654

1,339

1,233

1,176

1,140

1,115

1,094

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,010

1,357

1,228

1,166

1,127

1,102

1,085

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,416

1,241

1,171

1,129

1,103

1,086

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,532

1,274

1,185

1,140

1,112

1,091

2,131

2,086

2,066

2,060

2,056

2,052

2,052

2,052

2,056

2,056

2,060

2,062

2,062

2,064

. 2 . 10 . 11 . 8.

11.

= = 100.

= = 100

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

5,228

1,068

0,728

0,578

0,491

0,433

0,394

0,363

-

3,355

2,005

1,512

1,251

1,083

0,966

0,878

-

7,884

3,781

2,699

2,166

1,839

1,617

1,444

-

23,248

6,286

4,167

3,237

2,679

2,321

2,070

-

-

10,088

5,954

4,462

3,615

3,088

2,723

-

-

16,714

8,271

5,850

4,657

3,918

3,387

) = = 150.

(19) = = 150, , , .

. 12 = = 150 . 6.

12.

, = = 150

= = 150

==150

==150

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

0,9698

0,9681

0,9670

0,9664

0,9660

0,9659

0,9659

0,9660

0,9661

0,9662

0,9664

0,9665

0,9667

0,9669

1,801

1,785

1,770

1,765

1,761

1,760

1,760

1,761

1,762

1,763

1,765

1,766

1,767

1,769

0,648

0,800

0,941

1,084

1,227

1,363

1,429

1,499

1,566

1,634

1,700

1,758

1,818

1,882

. (. 54-55)

PS . , , /2 ( 1, . 8), ( 1)

,

- .

US .

(22)

,

- .

(1) (22) (14) , r = 1:

(23)

(24)

. 5, . 8, . 11 . 12 = . 11, 12, 13.

13.

= = 00

= = 00

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

2,160

1,436

1,132

0,962

0,846

0,764

0,704

0,658

5,584

3,618

2,802

2,346

2,040

1,832

1,656

1,542

9,580

6,112

4,680

3,854

3,346

2,972

2,700

2,474

14,018

8,776

6,588

5,466

4,688

4,126

3,724

3,420

18,710

11,566

8,682

7,048

6,020

5,286

4,742

4,328

23,636

14,350

10,732

8,666

7,330

6,420

5,768

5,248

 


14.

= = 50

= = 50

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

2,536

1,554

1,194

1,002

0,878

0,786

0,724

0,674

7,018

4,028

3,016

2,476

2,138

1,898

1,724

1,580

13,020

7,020

4,894

4,134

3,516

3,118

2,818

2,574

20,882

10,422

7,434

5,576

5,018

4,382

3,914

3,572

30,430

14,198

9,904

7,806

6,526

5,652

5,044

4,566

42,978

18,302

12,442

9,746

8,070

6,950

6,172

5,568

 

15.

= = 100

= = 100

b = 0,5 b = 1,0 b = 1,5 b = 2,0 b = 2,5 b = 3,0

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

10,456

2,136

1,456

1,156

0,982

0,866

0,778

0,726

-

6,710

4,010

3,024

2,502

2,166

1,932

1,756

-

15,768

7,562

5,398

4,332

3,678

3,234

2,888

-

46,496

12,572

8,334

6,474

5,358

4,642

4,140

-

-

20,176

11,908

8,924

7,230

6,176

5,446

-

-

33,428

16,542

11,700

9,314

7,836

6,774

 


16.

= = 50

= = 50

k = 1 k = 2 k = 3 k = 4 k = 5 k = 6

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

2,271

2,786

3,311

3,786

4,315

4,801

5,035

5,273

5,497

5,726

5,937

6,228

6,428

6,631

4,542

5,572

6,622

7,572

8,630

9,602

10,070

10,546

10,994

11,452

11,874

12,456

12,856

13,262

6,813

8,358

9,933

11,358

12,945

14,403

15,105

15,819

16,491

17,178

17,811

18,684

19,284

19,893

9,084

11,144

13,244

15,144

17,260

19,204

20,140

21,092

21,988

22,904

23,748

24,912

25,712

26,524

11,355

13,930

16,555

18,930

21,575

24,005

25,175

26,365

27,485

28,630

29,685

31,140

32,140

33,155

13,626

16,716

19,866

22,716

25,890

28,806

30,210

31,638

32,982

34,356

35,622

37,368

38,568

39,786

17.

= = 100

= = 100

k = 1 k = 2 k = 3 k = 4 k = 5 k = 6

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

1,073

1,276

1,497

1,723

1,953

2,160

2,265

2,372

2,488

2,591

2,702

2,799

2,889

2,989

2,146

2,552

2,994

3,446

3,906

4,320

4,530

4,744

4,976

5,182

5,404

5,598

5,778

5,978

3,219

3,828

4,491

5,169

5,859

6,480

6,795

7,116

7,464

7,773

8,106

8,397

8,667

8,967

4,292

5,104

5,988

6,892

7,812

8,640

9,060

9,488

9,952

10,364

10,808

11,196

11,556

11,956

5,365

6,380

7,485

8,615

9,765

10,800

11,325

11,860

12,440

12,955

13,510

13,995

14,445

14,945

6,438

7,656

8,982

10,338

11,718

12,960

13,590

14,232

14,928

15,546

16,212

16,794

17,334

17,934

18.

= = 150

= = 150

k = 1 k = 2 k = 3 k = 4 k = 5 k = 6

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,05

1,10

1,15

1,20

1,25

1,30

1,35

1,40

0,648

0,800

0,941

1,084

1,227

1,363

1,429

1,499

1,566

1,634

1,700

1,758

1,818

1,882

1,296

1,600

1,882

2,168

2,454

2,726

2,858

2,998

3,132

3,268

3,400

3,516

3,636

3,764

1,944

2,400

2,823

3,252

3,681

4,089

4,287

4,497

4,698

4,902

5,100

5,274

5,454

5,646

2,592

3,200

3,764

4,336

4,908

5,452

5,716

5,996

6,264

6,536

6,800

7,032

7,272

7,528

3,240

4,000

4,705

5,420

6,135

6,815

7,145

7,495

7,830

8,170

8,500

8,790

9,090

9,410

3,888

4,800

5,646

6,504

7,362

8,178

8,574

8,994

9,396

9,804

10,200

10,548

10,908

11,292

, US, , a = R/r.

, a = R/r.

a = R/r .

. 9. .

= R + r

1/2r, :

, .. ,

.

(25)

(25) (19) , , , (13) . 19 . 10.


19.

k

==150

==150

==150

==150

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

6,46

2,41

1,43

1,00

0,785

0,611

-

0,866

0,707

0,588

0,500

0,434

0,383

-

0,9843

0,9718

0,9670

0,9659

0,9664

0,9679

-

2,036

1,826

1,774

1,764

1,769

1,783

-

6,329

3,043

1,917

1,363

-

18,988

12,173

9,586

8,178

-

1216,85

212,72

93,57

56,52

 

. .64-66

. 19 . 10 , US (.. a = R/r) , , . , k = 6 =1,00, k = 6 a = R/r 1.

= 150. , .. 6 = 150 = 00 = 150, .

- (US) = 150, - (BRD) = 00, . , .. = = 150 US. , .


1.   a = R/r , , , - (US) , - (BRD) .

2.   - (BRD). , , , a = R/r.

3.   - (US) , - (BRD) . US = 150, BRD = 00.

4.   , .. = 150 US = 00 BRD.

5.   US k US BRD. , .

6.   US.

7.   BRD B .

8.   US , BRD a = R/r.

9.   US BRD , .. = 150 US = 00 BRD, :

a)        b = 0,5 BRD, a > 1,09 , US , BRD, a <= 1,09 , BRD , US.

b)        b = 1,0 BRD, a > 1,31 , , US , BRD, a <= 1,31 , , BRD , US.

c)         b => 1,5 BRD , , BRD , US a = R/r.

, :

1.        , - (US).

2.        , , , - (BRD).


2.3. - (BRD)

:

) ;

) . [ ]

) .

(14) :

r = 1

,

. 14 , , , 1- .

r .

r = R/r.

) .

, [ ]

r, , ,

(26)

R, r r1. R, r r1 B, = R/r, , . , . , R, r r1.

B , .

.

B (27):

(27)

:

(28)

,

ib-k ;

d ;

r .

32 :

,

. 15 . :

(29)

- ;

- tgB.

. 15 ,

d ( d = 5 ) .

. 14 . 15 . 16.

. a r :

) ;

)

d = 5 . r b.

d .

dMAX, , . b , .. , .

, b, , .


III.

 

3.1. . .

111 15 .

.

. , . 111 . b.

, 15, HRC 6165. 15 .

: .

( , ). . . . .


3.2. . .

:

N = 11 000 .

2

F=4029 . [ ]

:

./򠠠 (30)

:

(31)

(32)

[ ]

:

=2*0,18*593,9*6,5*10-3 = 0,14 .

-=2,14*0,14 = 0,3 .

:

=1,8*57*6*10-3 = 0,615 .

-=2,1*0,615=1,293 .

:

=0,18*57*5,9*10-3 = 0,061 .

-=2,14*0,061 = 0,131 .

=0,575 .

(31):

.

:

. (33)

-

:

= 1

.

n = 662 .

3.3. - .

:

: .

005. . 200 . 200 . , 1 .

010. . . .

015. . , . .

020. . , .

025. . .

030. . .

.

(34)

1)  :

.. = V

. = ./

=

2) 

3) 

:

.

:

3.4. . .

:

-   ( , , , , .),

-   ( , .),

-   (, .),

-   (, .).

- .

- , - . , , . , , , . : , .

- . ( ) - . ( , .) , HRC 6165.

, , . .

, , :

-    ;

-    ;

-    ;

-    ;

-    ;

-    .

.

, - :

-    ;

-    ;

-    ;

-    ;

-    , .

:

1)        ( ). (, , ). , , . . R = 0,54,0 . - .

- R = 0,51,5 .

2)        . - , . = 525 . - . , . . . (, .)

- = 15 .

3)        , , . : S = 0,020,10 /. , .

15 S = 0,08 / .

4)        , , . > 200 / 6000, .

5)        - . (, ).

R300,02 15.

1)  R = 1,5 .

2)  = 15

3)  S = 0,08 /

4)  n = 100 /., V = 172,7 /.

5)  - .

3.5. .

- .

.

()

20.

.

,

, 2zmin,

,

d,

,

,

, ,

Rz

dmin

dmax

2zmin

2zmax

Æ

0,8

50

50

17

1

33 2*39

55,282

55,36

16

200

54,986

55,16

55,002

55,36

174 358

Æ

0,8

2,5

5

17

0,68

33 2*39

54,952

55,03

16

30

54,986

55,00

55,002

55,03

14 28

[ ]:

=17

-

- [ ]

, , . :

(35)

k

:

:

:

(36)

- ,

- ,

- .

) :

:

(37)

- ,

-

(37) :

= 90,015 - 89,985 = 0,030 = 30

) :

.

= 12 [ ]

) :

(38)

- ,

- , , = 0,

- - , = 0,

- . , = 0.

0,010,005 .

=0,01 => =0,01

(36):

= 33

:

(39)

:

= 2* 39

:

= 2* 39

1)     :

:

= 55,36 2*0,039 = 55,282

= 55,3 0,2 = 55,1

:

=55,36 55,002 = 0,358

=55,16 54,986 = 0,174

:

-=

-= 358 174 = 184

= 200 16 = 184

184 = 184

:

=358 + 2 200 = 160

. 17 . 98

2)     :

( )

d = 55,03

:

=55,03 0,078 = 54,952

= 55,03 0,03 = 55

28

14

:

-=

-= 28 14 = 14

= 30 16 = 14

14 = 14

:

=28 + 2 30 = 0

. 18 . 99

3.6.

I.   

1)    

(40)

- ,

, ,

-

= 5 [15, .300]

6,5 + 5 = 11,5

2)     :

S0 = 0,3 / [15, .23]

3)     :

(41)

= 50

= 0,565 [15, .27]

50 * 0,565 = 28,25

4)    

[15, .29] (42)

V = 65 / [15, .31]

1 = 0,45 [15, .32]

2 = 2,0 [15, .33]

3 =0,85 [15, .34]

V = 65 * 0,45 * 2,0 * 0,85 = 49,725 /.

5)    

= 263,93 /.

.

n = 250 /.

:

=47,1 /

6)    

=0,306

7)    

(43)

=75 㠠 [15, .35]

1 = 0,8

2 = 1,1

= 75 * 0,8 * 1,1 = 66

8)    

(44)

= 0,2 򠠠 [15, .72]

=2,3 ( 15, 200)

= 0,509

:

(45)

= 0,800,85 [9, .95]

= 0,6

N = 4 . .

II. 

1)     [17, .222]

7- HRC < 50 2425171 .

2)    

[17, .222]

40

3)    

V = 30 /

=14 331,21 /

12 600 /

:

=26,4 /

4)    

300 / [17, .224]

5)    

0,3 /

6)    

=0,0467 .

7)    

,

=0,36

r = 0,35

= 0,4

q = 0.3

z = 0

=0.835

=1,413 /

8)    

=0,98

N = 3 .

.

III.

1)    

6 + 1 = 7

2)    

15 R = 1,5

3)    

= 15

4)    

S0 = 0,08 /

5)    

V = 200 /

=1158 /

n = 1 000 /

:

=172,7 /

6)     :

=0,088

3.7.

:

:

- -

n

.. ,

.. ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

, = 662 .

- [18].

. 21.

21.

-

n

-

.. + ..

0,306 0,726 0,4 0,44 1,872 0,008 0,022 0,094 1,996 12 66 2,01
0,0467 0,363 0,18 0,351 0,94 0,0176 0,0176 0,0176 0,975 11 66 0,99
0,088 0,363 0,17 0,12 0,741 0,002 0,007 0,031 0,781 12 662 0,799

3.8.

.

, , , .. ,

- ,

- .

(46)

- ,

- ,

- ,

= 0,033 ( . ).

.

:

- .

,

m .

[10, .126] =12

[10, .128] = 4

[10, .129] = 6

=9

. , - .

2 = 0,5

= 30

=15

= 33 + 9 + 15 = 57

57 < 60

, .

3.9. , ,

:

= 0,719 /

. 22.

22.

-

m

m

N

N

2,014 0,306 2,80 3 0,93 0,15 0,6 4 0,15
0,992 0,0467 1,38 2 0,69 0,05 0,98 3 0,33
0,799 0,088 1,11 2 0,56 0,11 - 4 -

. = 0,73

. = 0,10

. = 0,24

3.10.

 

005.

161.

- = 183,516 / (. - ).

- = 2,014 .

010. .

3227.

- = 235,883 /

- = 0,992 .

015. .

161

- = 183,516 /

- = 0,799 .

:

=

:


IV.

 

4.1.

- (US) - , . , - . .

- - , , .. , .

, - -.

4.2.

95 2, 10 ;

40 000 .

:

-           - - ;

-           - - .

1 78,48 .

- 42 160 .;

- 64 294 .

4.3.

 

: - (US) - (BRD).

( )

- =5 730 ;

- ;

,

;

,

- , =480 .

t 1 . ,

- (US):

.

.

:

- (BRD):

.

.

:

1 :

( )

, .

.. , , .. = 1,08

- , , = 1,1

- , , = 1,01

Nb , Nb = 15%

=3,9624 /

=5,4687 /

, ( )

1 *, =0,62 .

N , N = 22

, = 0,9

, = 0,85

, = 1

W , , W = 1,05

נ - Ġ , נ = 0,75

t 1

=14,6084*1,6835=24,5932 /

=14,6084*1,4005=20,4591 /

 

( )

, = 25 .

, = 1,55

t 1 .

= 115,92 ./

= 104.95 ./

 

, ( )

, = 25 .

t 1 .

- , = 102,88 %

= 0,7694./

= 0,6966./

 

,

, ( )

, = 25 .

t 1 .

- , , = 425,27 %

= 3,1804 ./

= 2,8796 ./

 

, ( )

, = 25 .

t 1 .

- , = 155,19 %

= 1,1606 ./

= 1,0508 ./

, ( )

, = 25 .

t 1 .

- , = 193,7 %

= 1,4486 ./

= 1,3116 ./

 

= 3,9624 + 24,5932 + 115,92 + 0,7694 + 3,18404 + 1,1606 + 1,4486 = 151,03824 ./

= 5,4687 + 20,4591 + 104,95 + 0,6966 + 2,8796 + 1,0508+ 1,3116 = 136,8164 ./

:

= (151,03824 136,8164)*2116 0,15 (64294 42 160) = 30093,41344- 3320,1 = 26773,3134 .

:

=(2116-1915)*40 000 * 12/100 = 964 800 .

- -:

= 964 800 + 26773,3134 = 991573,3134 .

:

= 0,73

, - 95-10 , -.


V.

 

5.1. .

 

12.0.003-74 : , , , .

5.1.1. ; ; , , , .

, . , , , . , , , , , .

, , , , , , , .

5.1.2. .

, . , . , . , .

5.1.3. .

(, ), , , , , . , , . , , .

5.1.4. .

, , . , , , .

, , .


5.2 .

5.2.1. .

12.2.00391 . . (), , , (, ), .

, , . , , , , , (, .); , .

5.2.2. - .

( 2.04.05-91), . . - . - , .

5.2.3.

. , , , , , , .

.

. .

12.0.004-90 . . .

5.3 .

- , , . , ( , , , , . .) , , . 12.4.12583 .

, , , , , , , .

, , , , , , .

.

, , .

, () . , , (.22).

ࠠ 500 , . . ()

. 22 :

1- ; 2- ; 3- .

; 4-

, ࠠ ꠠ . , . , .

- . , , . () , , , (.23)

. 23. ():

1- ; 2- ; 3- ( , , ; ); 4- , ; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- .

() , , (. 24).

, 5,

1. 2, 3. , , . 4 , 20 .

. 24. ()

, : , , . . . . 25. . .

. 25. :

1- ; 2- ; 3-

. , .

. 2 II. .. 3 2.1. . 3 2.2. . 15 2.3. - (BRD) 40

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :