,,,
. 2
II. .. 3
2.1. . 3
2.2. . 15
2.3. - (BRD) 40
III. . 44
3.1. . . 44
3.2. . . 44
3.3. - . 46
3.4. . . 47
3.5. . 51
3.6. . 56
3.7. . 60
3.8. . 61
3.9. , , . 62
3.10. . 63
IV. . 64
4.1. . 64
4.2. . 64
4.3. . 65
V. .............................................................................................75
() . - . , , , .
, [ ] , .
, , .
, , , Ps, , .
, . :
1) ;
2) ();
3) .
, . 1 .
1) , :
) ( 1 . 1)
. 1 2, 5. 3, 4, 1 .
) ( 1 . 2)
2 , 3, 18 19.
, , , .
9 8, , 10 13 7 5, 1 6 . 13 5 5 7 . 4, 15, 16, 17, 11, 12 14 18, 19 .
3 1, , 22, 1 . 21 20.
) ( 1 . 3)
3, , 4, 2 5 7.
2 7 , 8 1 6. 2 7 25 , 1 6 ( 24).
2 7 , 1 6 2 7, 8 16. ( ) 1 6 , . 8 16 15. 14, , 17. , 17 . 10, 11. 10 13, . 10 9 11 13 . 13 12 , . , 1 6 , , , , . .
, , , . . , . . , , , .
2) () :
) ( 1, . 4).
, . , .
. , , . . , . , . , , , . . ( , ) , , . , , , , . , . . , . . , , , , .
) ( 1, . 5)
. 1 2 , , , , . , .
, , . 4, .
8, 10 . 9 7 13, 14 8 10 11 , , 6, 5, , 13, 14.
11 12, 1 2, , 3.
, . , , .
. , , , , , . - , .
) :
( 1, . 6)
1, , 2. 5 6. 4, 5 3, , 12, 4. 5, , 7, . . 7 , 11, 13, . : 10 , 8 7, 9 10. , 7 10 . , 13, 7, 10; , . , , .
( - US - ) ( 1, . 7)
1, 4 2, 3, 6. 1 5 V1 V (. 1).
(. 23 )
.1.
, ( ), - . , .
, , , , .
( - BRD - ) ( 1, . 8).
- 1, - 2, 3, 6. 7. 5 4 , . - .
, r1, .
, , . =0 . r R r1.
R , r1 - ( ).
. .
s , . , 1, . 8, , /2. , - .
, ( 1, . 9)
, . , . . . .
. , -.
, , - , , .
, :
- , .. ;
- , ;
- ;
- , ;
- .
, . , , .
, ( ), .
( 1, . 10)
1, 2, 5, 6 7 . 8 9, 10. 11, 13, 14. 15 , 11 10 , . 12 1 2, 15, 11 . 3 4, 6 , , 7. 2 1 , . .
, , .
, , . , . , , , .
:
- - (US)
- - (BRD)
- -
, , .
- - , .
- - :
1. . ( , ..) , , , ( ).
2. , , .
:
r ;
R US (), BRD ;
r1 ( );
- .
:
蠠
:
. ( ), . . 2 ,
= 1 + 2 (1)
(2)
(3)
. 2.
(2) (3) (1) :
,
-:
. 3. - (BRD)
R (. 3),
(5)
(6)
(7)
(6), (7) (8) -:
(8)
-:
. 4. - (US)
(9)
(10)
(9) (10) -:
(11)
(8) (11). r = 1 , :
(12)
(13)
a, , . 1 . 5.
1.
()
a | ||
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
- - - - - - 216,72 242,88 270,48 299,52 330 361,92 395,28 430,08 |
25,12 30,40 36,17 42,45 49,24 56,52 60,35 64,31 68,39 72,60 76,93 81,39 85,97 90,68 |
. 1 . 5 , - , -.
:
㠠 (14) [ ]
,
1, 2 .
= 2,12*106 /2
-
-
(15)
- , I II ;
- , I II () ;
- , ,
(16)
- ().
- r = 1.
[] cons1, - - .
- (BRD) (17):
r = 1
(17)
- (US) (18):
r = 1
(18)
. 2.
2.
BRD US.
b = 0.5 | b = 1.0 | b = 1.5 | b = 2.0 | b = 2.5 | b = 3.0 | ||
0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 |
- - - - - - 0.488 0.478 0.469 0.462 0.455 0.448 0.443 0.438 |
- - - - - - 0.955 0.917 0.885 0.857 0.833 0.813 0.794 0.778 |
- - - - - - 1.400 1.320 1.255 1.200 1.154 1.114 1.080 1.050 |
- - - - - - 1.826 1.692 1.586 1.500 1.429 1.368 1.317 1.273 |
- - - - - - 2.234 2.037 1.885 1.765 1.667 1.585 1.517 1.458 |
- - - - - - 2.625 2.357 2.156 2.000 1.875 1.773 1.688 1.615 |
0.333 0.375 0.412 0.444 0.474 0.500 0.512 0.524 0.535 0.546 0.556 0.565 0.574 0.583 |
(16) b BRD US.
US:
(19)
BRD:
(20)
a, b = (19) (20) US BRD, 5, 6 , , .
) = = 00.
= = 00: = 1 - . .
BRD (20) = = 00:
(21)
+ ab > a+b
- ab < a+b
BRD = = 00 (21) . 3.
3.
= = 00
= = 00 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
0,9535 0,9130 0,8776 0,8462 0,8182 0,7931 0,7705 0,7500 |
0,9091 0,8333 0,7692 0,7143 0,6667 0,6250 0,5882 0,5556 |
0,8667 0,7600 0,6727 0,6000 0,5385 0,4857 0,4400 0,4000 |
0,8261 0,6923 0,5862 0,5000 0,4286 0,3684 0,3171 0,2727 |
0,7872 0,6296 0,5082 0,4118 0,3333 0,2683 0,2135 0,1667 |
0,7500 0,5714 0,4375 0,3333 0,2500 0,1818 0,1250 0,0769 |
(5, 6) . 4.
4.
= = 00
= = 00 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
1,655 1,465 1,370 1,311 1,269 1,239 1,215 1,197 |
1,452 1,291 1,214 1,169 1,137 1,115 1,095 1,084 |
1,347 1,206 1,141 1,102 1,079 1,062 1,050 1,039 |
1,281 1,153 1,094 1,067 1,047 1,033 1,024 1,018 |
1,233 1,117 1,069 1,042 1,027 1,017 1,010 1,006 |
1,197 1,089 1,049 1,027 1,014 1,007 1,004 1,002 |
. 2 4 . 5 . 6
5.
= = 00
= = 00 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
1,080 0,718 0,566 0,481 0,423 0,382 0,352 0,329 |
2,792 1,809 1,401 1,173 1,020 0,916 0,828 0,771 |
4,790 3,056 2,340 1,927 1,673 1,486 1,350 1,237 |
7,009 4,388 3,294 2,733 2,344 2,063 1,862 1,710 |
9,355 5,783 4,341 3,524 3,010 2,643 2,371 2,164 |
11,818 7,175 5,366 4,333 3,665 3,210 2,884 2,624 |
) = = 50.
(19) (20) = = 50. . 6.
6.
= = 50.
= = 50 |
= = 50 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | ||
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
- - - - - - 0,9646 0,9240 0,8884 0,8569 0,8289 0,8037 0,7810 0,7605 |
- - - - - - 0,9383 0,8621 0,7976 0,7424 0,6946 0,6528 0,6159 0,5832 |
- - - - - - 0,9206 0,8130 0,7253 0,6524 0,5910 0,5386 0,4934 0,4542 |
- - - - - - 0,9108 0,7758 0,6696 0,5841 0,5141 0,4560 0,4073 0,3663 |
- - - - - - 0,9082 0,7493 0,6288 0,5350 0,4609 0,4016 0,3540 0,3159 |
- - - - - - 0,9120 0,7323 0,6011 0,5029 0,4284 0,3719 0,3295 0,2683 |
0,9966 0,9964 0,9963 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9962 0,9963 0,9963 0,9963 |
. 6 . 7
7.
= = 50.
= = 50. |
= = 50 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | ||
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
- - - - - - 1,746 1,504 1,395 1,329 1,285 1,251 1,226 1,207 |
- - - - - - 1,567 1,338 1,244 1,190 1,155 1,128 1,110 1,093 |
- - - - - - 1,492 1,263 1,177 1,128 1,097 1,079 1,065 1,053 |
- - - - - - 1,463 1,221 1,139 1,093 1,071 1,054 1,041 1,033 |
- - - - - - 1,450 1,196 1,117 1,078 1,055 1,040 1,031 1,024 |
- - - - - - 1,461 1,181 1,102 1,068 1,047 1,034 1,027 1,022 |
2,736 2,706 2,692 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,678 2,692 2,692 2,692 |
. 2 . 7 . 8 . 7.
8.
= = 50.
- , ( . 48)
) = = 100.
(19) (20) = = 100. . 9.
9.
= = 100.
= = 100. |
= = 100 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | ||
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
- - - - - - 0,9970 0,9560 0,9200 0,8881 0,8597 0,8343 0,8114 0,7907 |
- - - - - - - 0,9423 0,8765 0,8202 0,7715 0,7290 0,6917 0,6586 |
- - - - - - - 0,9533 0,8627 0,7877 0,7249 0,6715 0,6258 0,5862 |
- - - - - - - 0,9829 0,8714 0,7822 0,7097 0,6499 0,6001 0,5582 |
- - - - - - - - 0,8958 0,7955 0,7164 0,6530 0,6018 0,5600 |
- - - - - - - - 0,9360 0,8210 0,7369 0,6715 0,6201 0,5793 |
0,9865 0,9858 0,9853 0,9850 0,9849 0,9848 0,9848 0,9848 0,9849 0,9849 0,9850 0,9851 0,9851 0,9852 |
. 9 . 10.
10.
= = 100.
= = 100. |
= = 100 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | ||
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
- - - - - - 2,800 1,672 1,490 1,394 1,334 1,292 1,261 1,237 |
- - - - - - - 1,586 1,368 1,272 1,217 1,179 1,153 1,132 |
- - - - - - - 1,654 1,339 1,233 1,176 1,140 1,115 1,094 |
- - - - - - - 2,010 1,357 1,228 1,166 1,127 1,102 1,085 |
- - - - - - - - 1,416 1,241 1,171 1,129 1,103 1,086 |
- - - - - - - - 1,532 1,274 1,185 1,140 1,112 1,091 |
2,131 2,086 2,066 2,060 2,056 2,052 2,052 2,052 2,056 2,056 2,060 2,062 2,062 2,064 |
. 2 . 10 . 11 . 8.
11.
= = 100.
= = 100 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
5,228 1,068 0,728 0,578 0,491 0,433 0,394 0,363 |
- 3,355 2,005 1,512 1,251 1,083 0,966 0,878 |
- 7,884 3,781 2,699 2,166 1,839 1,617 1,444 |
- 23,248 6,286 4,167 3,237 2,679 2,321 2,070 |
- - 10,088 5,954 4,462 3,615 3,088 2,723 |
- - 16,714 8,271 5,850 4,657 3,918 3,387 |
) = = 150.
(19) = = 150, , , .
. 12 = = 150 . 6.
12.
, = = 150
= = 150 |
==150 |
==150 |
|
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
0,9698 0,9681 0,9670 0,9664 0,9660 0,9659 0,9659 0,9660 0,9661 0,9662 0,9664 0,9665 0,9667 0,9669 |
1,801 1,785 1,770 1,765 1,761 1,760 1,760 1,761 1,762 1,763 1,765 1,766 1,767 1,769 |
0,648 0,800 0,941 1,084 1,227 1,363 1,429 1,499 1,566 1,634 1,700 1,758 1,818 1,882 |
. (. 54-55)
PS . , , /2 ( 1, . 8), ( 1)
,
- .
US .
(22)
,
- .
(1) (22) (14) , r = 1:
(23)
(24)
. 5, . 8, . 11 . 12 = . 11, 12, 13.
13.
= = 00
= = 00 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
2,160 1,436 1,132 0,962 0,846 0,764 0,704 0,658 |
5,584 3,618 2,802 2,346 2,040 1,832 1,656 1,542 |
9,580 6,112 4,680 3,854 3,346 2,972 2,700 2,474 |
14,018 8,776 6,588 5,466 4,688 4,126 3,724 3,420 |
18,710 11,566 8,682 7,048 6,020 5,286 4,742 4,328 |
23,636 14,350 10,732 8,666 7,330 6,420 5,768 5,248 |
14.
= = 50
= = 50 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
2,536 1,554 1,194 1,002 0,878 0,786 0,724 0,674 |
7,018 4,028 3,016 2,476 2,138 1,898 1,724 1,580 |
13,020 7,020 4,894 4,134 3,516 3,118 2,818 2,574 |
20,882 10,422 7,434 5,576 5,018 4,382 3,914 3,572 |
30,430 14,198 9,904 7,806 6,526 5,652 5,044 4,566 |
42,978 18,302 12,442 9,746 8,070 6,950 6,172 5,568 |
15.
= = 100
= = 100 |
||||||
b = 0,5 | b = 1,0 | b = 1,5 | b = 2,0 | b = 2,5 | b = 3,0 | |
1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
10,456 2,136 1,456 1,156 0,982 0,866 0,778 0,726 |
- 6,710 4,010 3,024 2,502 2,166 1,932 1,756 |
- 15,768 7,562 5,398 4,332 3,678 3,234 2,888 |
- 46,496 12,572 8,334 6,474 5,358 4,642 4,140 |
- - 20,176 11,908 8,924 7,230 6,176 5,446 |
- - 33,428 16,542 11,700 9,314 7,836 6,774 |
16.
= = 50
= = 50 |
||||||
k = 1 | k = 2 | k = 3 | k = 4 | k = 5 | k = 6 | |
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
2,271 2,786 3,311 3,786 4,315 4,801 5,035 5,273 5,497 5,726 5,937 6,228 6,428 6,631 |
4,542 5,572 6,622 7,572 8,630 9,602 10,070 10,546 10,994 11,452 11,874 12,456 12,856 13,262 |
6,813 8,358 9,933 11,358 12,945 14,403 15,105 15,819 16,491 17,178 17,811 18,684 19,284 19,893 |
9,084 11,144 13,244 15,144 17,260 19,204 20,140 21,092 21,988 22,904 23,748 24,912 25,712 26,524 |
11,355 13,930 16,555 18,930 21,575 24,005 25,175 26,365 27,485 28,630 29,685 31,140 32,140 33,155 |
13,626 16,716 19,866 22,716 25,890 28,806 30,210 31,638 32,982 34,356 35,622 37,368 38,568 39,786 |
17.
= = 100
= = 100 |
||||||
k = 1 | k = 2 | k = 3 | k = 4 | k = 5 | k = 6 | |
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
1,073 1,276 1,497 1,723 1,953 2,160 2,265 2,372 2,488 2,591 2,702 2,799 2,889 2,989 |
2,146 2,552 2,994 3,446 3,906 4,320 4,530 4,744 4,976 5,182 5,404 5,598 5,778 5,978 |
3,219 3,828 4,491 5,169 5,859 6,480 6,795 7,116 7,464 7,773 8,106 8,397 8,667 8,967 |
4,292 5,104 5,988 6,892 7,812 8,640 9,060 9,488 9,952 10,364 10,808 11,196 11,556 11,956 |
5,365 6,380 7,485 8,615 9,765 10,800 11,325 11,860 12,440 12,955 13,510 13,995 14,445 14,945 |
6,438 7,656 8,982 10,338 11,718 12,960 13,590 14,232 14,928 15,546 16,212 16,794 17,334 17,934 |
18.
= = 150
= = 150 |
||||||
k = 1 | k = 2 | k = 3 | k = 4 | k = 5 | k = 6 | |
0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 |
0,648 0,800 0,941 1,084 1,227 1,363 1,429 1,499 1,566 1,634 1,700 1,758 1,818 1,882 |
1,296 1,600 1,882 2,168 2,454 2,726 2,858 2,998 3,132 3,268 3,400 3,516 3,636 3,764 |
1,944 2,400 2,823 3,252 3,681 4,089 4,287 4,497 4,698 4,902 5,100 5,274 5,454 5,646 |
2,592 3,200 3,764 4,336 4,908 5,452 5,716 5,996 6,264 6,536 6,800 7,032 7,272 7,528 |
3,240 4,000 4,705 5,420 6,135 6,815 7,145 7,495 7,830 8,170 8,500 8,790 9,090 9,410 |
3,888 4,800 5,646 6,504 7,362 8,178 8,574 8,994 9,396 9,804 10,200 10,548 10,908 11,292 |
, US, , a = R/r.
, a = R/r.
a = R/r .
. 9. .
= R + r
1/2r, :
, .. ,
.
(25)
(25) (19) , , , (13) . 19 . 10.
19.
k |
==150 |
==150 |
==150 |
==150 |
|||
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
6,46 2,41 1,43 1,00 0,785 0,611 |
- 0,866 0,707 0,588 0,500 0,434 0,383 |
- 0,9843 0,9718 0,9670 0,9659 0,9664 0,9679 |
- 2,036 1,826 1,774 1,764 1,769 1,783 |
- 6,329 3,043 1,917 1,363 |
- 18,988 12,173 9,586 8,178 |
- 1216,85 212,72 93,57 56,52 |
. .64-66
. 19 . 10 , US (.. a = R/r) , , . , k = 6 =1,00, k = 6 a = R/r 1.
= 150. , .. 6 = 150 = 00 = 150, .
- (US) = 150, - (BRD) = 00, . , .. = = 150 US. , .
1. a = R/r , , , - (US) , - (BRD) .
2. - (BRD). , , , a = R/r.
3. - (US) , - (BRD) . US = 150, BRD = 00.
4. , .. = 150 US = 00 BRD.
5. US k US BRD. , .
6. US.
7. BRD B .
8. US , BRD a = R/r.
9. US BRD , .. = 150 US = 00 BRD, :
a) b = 0,5 BRD, a > 1,09 , US , BRD, a <= 1,09 , BRD , US.
b) b = 1,0 BRD, a > 1,31 , , US , BRD, a <= 1,31 , , BRD , US.
c) b => 1,5 BRD , , BRD , US a = R/r.
, :
1. , - (US).
2. , , , - (BRD).
:
) ;
) . [ ]
) .
(14) :
r = 1
,
. 14 , , , 1- .
r .
r = R/r.
) .
, [ ]
r, , ,
(26)
R, r r1. R, r r1 B, = R/r, , . , . , R, r r1.
B , .
.
B (27):
(27)
:
(28)
,
ib-k ;
d ;
r .
32 :
,
. 15 . :
(29)
- ;
- tgB.
. 15 ,
d ( d = 5 ) .
. 14 . 15 . 16.
. a r :
) ;
)
d = 5 . r b.
d .
dMAX, , . b , .. , .
, b, , .
111 15 .
.
. , . 111 . b.
, 15, HRC 6165. 15 .
: .
( , ). . . . .
:
N = 11 000 .
2
F=4029 . [ ]
:
./ (30)
:
(31)
(32)
[ ]
:
=2*0,18*593,9*6,5*10-3 = 0,14 .
-=2,14*0,14 = 0,3 .
:
=1,8*57*6*10-3 = 0,615 .
-=2,1*0,615=1,293 .
:
=0,18*57*5,9*10-3 = 0,061 .
-=2,14*0,061 = 0,131 .
=0,575 .
(31):
.
:
. (33)
-
:
= 1
.
n = 662 .
:
: .
005. . 200 . 200 . , 1 .
010. . . .
015. . , . .
020. . , .
025. . .
030. . .
.
(34)
1) :
.. = V
. = ./
=
2)
3)
:
.
:
:
- ( , , , , .),
- ( , .),
- (, .),
- (, .).
- .
- , - . , , . , , , . : , .
- . ( ) - . ( , .) , HRC 6165.
, , . .
, , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
.
, - :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , .
:
1) ( ). (, , ). , , . . R = 0,54,0 . - .
- R = 0,51,5 .
2) . - , . = 525 . - . , . . . (, .)
- = 15 .
3) , , . : S = 0,020,10 /. , .
15 S = 0,08 / .
4) , , . > 200 / 6000, .
5) - . (, ).
R300,02 15.
1) R = 1,5 .
2) = 15
3) S = 0,08 /
4) n = 100 /., V = 172,7 /.
5) - .
- .
.
()
20.
.
, |
, 2zmin, |
, d, |
, , |
, | , | ||||||
Rz |
dmin |
dmax |
2zmin |
2zmax |
|||||||
Æ |
0,8 50 |
50 |
17 1 |
33 | 2*39 |
55,282 55,36 |
16 200 |
54,986 55,16 |
55,002 55,36 |
174 | 358 |
Æ
|
0,8 2,5 |
5 |
17 0,68 |
33 | 2*39 |
54,952 55,03 |
16 30 |
54,986 55,00 |
55,002 55,03 |
14 | 28 |
[ ]:
=17
-
- [ ]
, , . :
(35)
k
:
:
:
(36)
- ,
- ,
- .
) :
:
(37)
- ,
-
(37) :
= 90,015 - 89,985 = 0,030 = 30
) :
.
= 12 [ ]
) :
(38)
- ,
- , , = 0,
- - , = 0,
- . , = 0.
0,010,005 .
=0,01 => =0,01
(36):
= 33
:
(39)
:
= 2* 39
:
= 2* 39
1) :
:
= 55,36 2*0,039 = 55,282
= 55,3 0,2 = 55,1
:
=55,36 55,002 = 0,358
=55,16 54,986 = 0,174
:
-=
-= 358 174 = 184
= 200 16 = 184
184 = 184
:
=358 + 2 200 = 160
. 17 . 98
2) :
( )
d = 55,03
:
=55,03 0,078 = 54,952
= 55,03 0,03 = 55
28
14
:
-=
-= 28 14 = 14
= 30 16 = 14
14 = 14
:
=28 + 2 30 = 0
. 18 . 99
I.
1)
(40)
- ,
, ,
-
= 5 [15, .300]
6,5 + 5 = 11,5
2) :
S0 = 0,3 / [15, .23]
3) :
(41)
= 50
= 0,565 [15, .27]
50 * 0,565 = 28,25
4)
[15, .29] (42)
V = 65 / [15, .31]
1 = 0,45 [15, .32]
2 = 2,0 [15, .33]
3 =0,85 [15, .34]
V = 65 * 0,45 * 2,0 * 0,85 = 49,725 /.
5)
= 263,93 /.
.
n = 250 /.
:
=47,1 /
6)
=0,306
7)
(43)
=75 㠠 [15, .35]
1 = 0,8
2 = 1,1
= 75 * 0,8 * 1,1 = 66
8)
(44)
= 0,2 [15, .72]
=2,3 ( 15, 200)
= 0,509
:
(45)
= 0,800,85 [9, .95]
= 0,6
N = 4 . .
II.
1) [17, .222]
7- HRC < 50 2425171 .
2)
[17, .222]
40
3)
V = 30 /
=14 331,21 /
12 600 /
:
=26,4 /
4)
300 / [17, .224]
5)
0,3 /
6)
=0,0467 .
7)
,
=0,36
r = 0,35
= 0,4
q = 0.3
z = 0
=0.835
=1,413 /
8)
=0,98
N = 3 .
.
III.
1)
6 + 1 = 7
2)
15 R = 1,5
3)
= 15
4)
S0 = 0,08 /
5)
V = 200 /
=1158 /
n = 1 000 /
:
=172,7 /
6) :
=0,088
:
:
- -
n
.. ,
.. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, = 662 .
- [18].
. 21.
21.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
n |
- |
||||
.. + .. |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
0,306 | 0,726 | 0,4 | 0,44 | 1,872 | 0,008 | 0,022 | 0,094 | 1,996 | 12 | 66 | 2,01 | |
0,0467 | 0,363 | 0,18 | 0,351 | 0,94 | 0,0176 | 0,0176 | 0,0176 | 0,975 | 11 | 66 | 0,99 | |
0,088 | 0,363 | 0,17 | 0,12 | 0,741 | 0,002 | 0,007 | 0,031 | 0,781 | 12 | 662 | 0,799 |
.
, , , .. ,
- ,
- .
(46)
- ,
- ,
- ,
= 0,033 ( . ).
.
:
- .
,
m .
[10, .126] =12
[10, .128] = 4
[10, .129] = 6
=9
. , - .
2 = 0,5
= 30
=15
= 33 + 9 + 15 = 57
57 < 60
, .
:
= 0,719 /
. 22.
22.
- |
|
m |
m |
|
|
N |
N |
|
|
2,014 | 0,306 | 2,80 | 3 | 0,93 | 0,15 | 0,6 | 4 | 0,15 | |
0,992 | 0,0467 | 1,38 | 2 | 0,69 | 0,05 | 0,98 | 3 | 0,33 | |
0,799 | 0,088 | 1,11 | 2 | 0,56 | 0,11 | - | 4 | - |
. = 0,73
. = 0,10
. = 0,24
005.
161.
- = 183,516 / (. - ).
- = 2,014 .
010. .
3227.
- = 235,883 /
- = 0,992 .
015. .
161
- = 183,516 /
- = 0,799 .
:
=
:
- (US) - , . , - . .
- - , , .. , .
, - -.
95 2, 10 ;
40 000 .
:
- - - ;
- - - .
1 78,48 .
- 42 160 .;
- 64 294 .
: - (US) - (BRD).
( )
- =5 730 ;
- ;
,
;
,
- , =480 .
t 1 . ,
- (US):
.
.
:
- (BRD):
.
.
:
1 :
( )
, .
.. , , .. = 1,08
- , , = 1,1
- , , = 1,01
Nb , Nb = 15%
=3,9624 /
=5,4687 /
, ( )
1 *, =0,62 .
N , N = 22
, = 0,9
, = 0,85
, = 1
W , , W = 1,05
נ - Ġ , נ = 0,75
t 1
=14,6084*1,6835=24,5932 /
=14,6084*1,4005=20,4591 /
( )
, = 25 .
, = 1,55
t 1 .
= 115,92 ./
= 104.95 ./
, ( )
, = 25 .
t 1 .
- , = 102,88 %
= 0,7694./
= 0,6966./
,
, ( )
, = 25 .
t 1 .
- , , = 425,27 %
= 3,1804 ./
= 2,8796 ./
, ( )
, = 25 .
t 1 .
- , = 155,19 %
= 1,1606 ./
= 1,0508 ./
, ( )
, = 25 .
t 1 .
- , = 193,7 %
= 1,4486 ./
= 1,3116 ./
= 3,9624 + 24,5932 + 115,92 + 0,7694 + 3,18404 + 1,1606 + 1,4486 = 151,03824 ./
= 5,4687 + 20,4591 + 104,95 + 0,6966 + 2,8796 + 1,0508+ 1,3116 = 136,8164 ./
:
= (151,03824 136,8164)*2116 0,15 (64294 42 160) = 30093,41344- 3320,1 = 26773,3134 .
:
=(2116-1915)*40 000 * 12/100 = 964 800 .
- -:
= 964 800 + 26773,3134 = 991573,3134 .
:
= 0,73
, - 95-10 , -.
5.1. .
12.0.003-74 : , , , .
5.1.1. ; ; , , , .
, . , , , . , , , , , .
, , , , , , , .
5.1.2. .
, . , . , . , .
5.1.3. .
(, ), , , , , . , , . , , .
5.1.4. .
, , . , , , .
, , .
5.2 .
5.2.1. .
12.2.00391 . . (), , , (, ), .
, , . , , , , , (, .); , .
5.2.2. - .
( 2.04.05-91), . . - . - , .
5.2.3.
. , , , , , , .
.
. .
12.0.004-90 . . .
5.3 .
- , , . , ( , , , , . .) , , . 12.4.12583 .
, , , , , , , .
, , , , , , .
.
, , .
, () . , , (.22).
ࠠ 500 , . . ()
. 22 :
1- ; 2- ; 3- .
; 4-
, ࠠ ꠠ . , . , .
- . , , . () , , , (.23)
. 23. ():
1- ; 2- ; 3- ( , , ; ); 4- , ; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- .
() , , (. 24).
, 5,
1. 2, 3. , , . 4 , 20 .
. 24. ()
, : , , . . . . 25. . .
. 25. :
1- ; 2- ; 3-
. , .
. 2 II. .. 3 2.1. . 3 2.2. . 15 2.3. - (BRD) 40
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