. , , ,

,,,

Windows — ,

( )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Windows

895

. .

. -

2009


1.

2.

3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.3.1 Windows

3.3.2

3.3.2.1 .

3.3.2.2 .

3.3.3

3.3.3.1 .

3.3.3.2 Windows Movie Maker

3.3.3.3 Microsoft Paint

3.3.3.4 WordPad

3.3.3.5

3.3.4.

3.3.5

3.3.6

3.3.7

3.4

3.4.1.1

3.4.1.2

3.4.1.3

3.4.1.4

3.4.1.5 Windows

3.4.1.6

3.4.2

3.4.2.1 :

3.4.2.2

4.

5.


1.  

Windows. , , , . , .


2.  

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7     


3.

3.1     

Windows XP . , , . . , . . : . . , , , , . http://ru.wikipedia.org http://referats./programming/88833.html.

3.2     

, , . . , , , . : ; ; ; ; ; ( ). , .

3.3     

3.3.1   Windows

Windows! Windows Microsoft, , , . Windows . Windows , . , - , , , .

Windows . 2009 Windows 88,41%. , Ma OS, Apple, 9,61%, Linux - 0,88%. , , , Windows.

Windows - Word. Microsoft Windows, . Windows NT, Windows Server. - UNIX.

Windows , 1985 , Windows 1.01. Microsoft , 1975 , BASIC , Altair 8800. , ( ), , . , , Microsoft Windows - .

. , - , , , . , , , Windows. , , , . Windows .

Windows - , , . Microsoft Windows.

, Windows . Windows DOS . DOS . , 1989 . , Microsoft.

, , WINDOWS Microsoft. 1 , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . .

, , . , .

Windows 1986 , . , . , . 1990 - Windows 3.0, .

Windows . , , , . .

, Windows , Windows. , , . Windows , ( Windows 3.1) ( 3.11).

Windows Microsoft 1988 , Windows NT. , . Windows NT Windows 3.0. 1992 Windows NT 3.0, 1994 - Windows NT 3.5.

1995 Windows 95, Windows . Windows 3.1 , . . , Windows 95 .

Windows 95 Windows, 1996 Windows NT 4.0, , Windows 95.

1998 Windows 98 Windows 95 . , . .

Windows Windows 2000 Windows Me (Millenium Edition). Windows 2000 Windows NT . : Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Professional , .

Windows Me , , Windows 98 . , Windows Me Windows, , . Windows XP. 2001 .

Windows XP Windows NT Windows. , . , Windows XP , 2008 70% . Windows XP (Service Pack), 2008 . , , .

2003 Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000. , Windows Server 2003 R2. Windows Server 2003 , Microsoft.

Windows XP Microsoft , Windows Longhorn. Windows Vista. 2007 . Windows Server 2003 SP1 ( , Windows XP Windows NT). Windows Vista , , . , , , Windows Vista .

3.3.2  

3.3.2.1          

Windows " " Windows desktop. , " ". : , , . :

( ) .

, , Windows. "drag and drop" - ().

. . (, ), . .

( ). , -, , -, ..

, . ,

(, ..), . , .. , .

, .

3.3.2.2          

. . , - . .

3.3.3  

Windows ( ) Microsoft Windows, Windows . Windows 95 Windows XP, : , Windows 2000 , Windows XP, Windows Vista. Windows 7 , .

. , , , , . .

3.3.3.1          

, . , . , Command.com MS-DOS. Windows XP Cmd.exe, , .

( ), . , . Windows, CScript.exe, . , . , . . . . . .

, , . xcopy . xcopy [] [/w] [/p] [/c] [/v] [/q] [/f] [/l] [/g] [/d[:--]] [/u] [/i] [/s [/e]] [/t] [/k] [/r] [/h] [{/a|/m}] [/n] [/o] [/x] [/exclude:1[+[2]][+[3]] [{/y|/-y}] [/z] , .

,

, ,
(...)
([])
({}); (|).: {|} ,
Courier

. , , , , , . , , , . , , . , .

& [...] 1 & 2 . Cmd.exe , .
&& [...] 1 && 2 , &&, , . Cmd.exe . , .
|| [...] 1 || 2 , ||, , || . Cmd.exe . , ( ).
( ) [...] (1 & 2) .
; , 1 1;2 .

(&), (|) ( ) , (^) , .

, (0) .

Cmd.exe, Cmd.exe . Cmd.exe Cmd.exe. Cmd.exe , Cmd.exe. Cmd.exe . . , : cmd :

Microsoft (R) Windows XP (TM) (C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.

, exit. Cmd.exe ( ) setlocal endlocal. setlocal , endlocal . , , setlocal endlocal, ; . 32 . setlocal endlocal . Setlocal Endlocal.

Cmd.exe

Cmd.exe , . : . . Cmd.exe. Windows XP. . . , , , . HKEY_CURRENT_USER , . : , HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, Autoexec.bat, ( ), , .

Cmd.exe . Cmd.exe, . Windows XP.

%ALLUSERSPROFILE% All Users.
%APPDATA% .
%CD% .
%CMDCMDLINE% , Cmd.exe.
%CMDEXTVERSION% .
%COMPUTERNAME% .
%COMSPEC% .
%DATE% . , date /t. Cmd.exe. date . Date.
%ERRORLEVEL% . , , .
%HOMEDRIVE% , . . .
%HOMEPATH% . . .
%HOMESHARE% . . .
%LOGONSEVER% , .
%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% , .
%OS% . Windows 2000 Windows_NT.
%PATH% .
%PATHEXT% , .
%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% . : x86, IA64.
%PROCESSOR_IDENTFIER% .
%PROCESSOR_LEVEL% , .
%PROMPT% . Cmd.exe.
%PROCESSOR_REVISION% .
%RANDOM% 0 32767. Cmd.exe.
%SYSTEMDRIVE% , Windows XP (. . ).
%SYSTEMROOT% Windows XP.
%TEMP% %TMP% , , , . TEMP, TMP.
%TIME% . , time /t. Cmd.exe. time . Time.
%USERDOMAIN% , .
%USERNAME% , .
%USERPROFILE% .
%WINDIR% .

, , , . help. . time. .

set , . set . , : set _ , : set variablename= , : set _= , . , <, >, &, ^, (^) . , , . .

new&name ,: set varname=new^&name

"new&name" ,: set varname="new&name"

set varname=new&name :

"'name' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file."

. , set , . , (, ).

8192 .

, , 65 536 .

, (%_%). , Cmd.exe , . , . Cmd.exe . , , (, ), USERNAME . USERNAME, . Cmd.exe %USERNAME% , . . Cmd.exe . . For Call.

3.3.3.2           Windows Movie Maker

Windows Movie Maker . Microsoft Windows, Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 Windows Vista. Vista, . Windows, Microsoft Windows Live.

7 Windows Movie Maker

: , - , , , , , wmv avi .

3.3.3.3           Microsoft Paint

Microsoft Paint Microsoft, Windows, . Paint Windows 1.0. Windows 3.0 PaintBrush. Windows 95 Windows, Paint (, - pbrush, Paint Brush). Windows 3.0 MSP, BMP, PCX RLE. .

Windows 95 Paint. Windows. - JPEG, Paint, ( Windows XP?Windows 98) , PNG, TIFF, GIF (TIFF PNG XP).

Paint.NET Windows NT, .NET Framework. Paint.NET - Windows. , , (Magic Wand, Clone Stamp ), , . MS Paint, Windows, Paint.NET , . , Microsoft Windows Microsoft. Paint.NET C#, C++, ..

Paint.NET 2004 . , , , 1.0 4 36 000 [1]. , 3.10 140 000 . Paint.NET 2004 ., 1.1 2.0.

, , , Microsoft.

2006 2 , 180000 .

3.3.3.4           WordPad

WordPad . , .

WordPad Windows 95,98, XP. : (    WordPad.

WordPad . Windows 95,98, XP. Word.

WordPad Word, Microsoft.

Microsoft Word - Windows. Word , . Word 97, Word 95 Word 6.0.

WordPad Word. WordPad - WordPad. WordPad Windows- , , , .

.

3.3.3.5          

Windows XP (Microsoft Notepad) , Microsoft Windows, .txt. , , , HTML-, CSS, PHP, PERL ( , , ).

Windows-1251, Unicode (UTF-8) ANSI, .

: -> ->-> (Start->All Programs-> Accessories->Notepad). . 11.1.

, . , (Untitled). , (Open) (File).

, , . .txt. , HTML, (All Files) (Files of type).

, , .txt, (Save) (File). , -> (File->Save As). -> (File->New). , , , , , .

(View) : (Status Bar). , , - .

, Enter. , , (Word Wrap) (Format).

, , , .

: . , , .

, (Font) (Format). (Font) , , (Font Style) - : (Regular), (Bold), (Italic) (Bold Italic). , (Size) . (Sample).

Unicode , . (Script) , . , .

3.3.4  

. , , - . . .


Windows, . Windows , . Windows XP , Windows- , . .

(Check Now) . (. 9.2). . (Automatically Fix Errors), .

(Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors), , . , . .

, (Start) . -, . , (. 9.2). , . , .

, , . (My Computer) , , .

3.3.5  

, , , , . , , . ,

:

          ( ). "" . : , , . - , .

          . (C, D, ..). , .

          . , , . , , , , . : . , () , .

, , "". , MS-DOS format.com - . , , format.com : . , format.com . - . , . , , - . , , , .

, . "" , , . , , .. , .. , . , , .

, , . , . , , . "" , .. . , -. , IDE/ATA, IDE/SATA SCSI . ( "" , , ).

, , , . , , . .. , , , , . , . , , , .

- , , , . , - , . " " , - , , , , "" .

, , . , . DOS, , format , . (), . , , . , Windows XP, : , , , , , . , , , , , .

. .. . , , , , . .. , , - , , , , . , . , , ( , , ), , , .

, .. . , , , . . , -.

3.3.6  

. .

: Windows; ( Internet Explorer); ; ; .

Windows . Windows. , .

Windows 95/98, ( - - - - .

, . , Temp, Windows, BMP, TXT, TMP, , OLD, - LOG.

, , .

, , (, ).

, Internet Explorer, - . . .

, . . .

200 . , .

3.3.7  

. , . : , .

. , , , . , , . , - , , . .

. , , , , . , , , , .

, File Allocation Table MS-DOS Microsoft Windows, , .

3.4     

3.4.1.1          

. , . .

, :

-          Windows . Windows.

-          . Windows . , , . , , (2 ). () , , Windows. , , . Windows?

-          , . . , .

-          Windows. Windows, . . Windows: .

3.4.1.2          

, . :

           , .

           .

           , , .

           . .

           , .

           .

           , .

           , , .

, . , , .

, .

. , , .

, Windows . Windows .

3.4.1.3          

- , . . , , . , , . , Windows. , NTFS.

.

           , . . : .

           , , .

3.4.1.4          

          . , , .

          . , . , , , . Windows.

, Windows. .

3.4.1.5           Windows

, , , , ,

.

( ) . .

.

3.4.1.6          

- , . , . ( ) . .

3.4.2  

Microsoft Windows ( , ). .

Windows Task Manager Windows NT , Ctrl+Shift+Esc. Windows NT Windows XP Ctrl+Alt+Del. taskmgr.exe .

16 ( )

. :

          . , .

          . , , , ( )

          ( Vista). Windows.

          . (), .

          ( ). .

          ( ). .

3.4.2.1           :

          CSRSS.EXE

, , 16- MS-DOS. Win32 (WIN32.SYS Kernel) .

          EXPLORER.EXE

, , , . - .

          INTERNAT.EXE

, >, . .

          LSASS.EXE

IP- (- ) . , . . .

          MSTASK.EXE

Schedule, .

          SMSS.EXE

. , Winlogon Win32 , . Smss , Winlogon Csrss , .

          SPOOLSV.EXE

, .

          SVCHOST.EXE

, DLL. Svhost. > , Svchost.

          SERVICES.EXE

. , , .

          SYSTEM

Kernel.

          SYSTEM IDLE PROCESS

. , , , .

          TASKMGR.EXE

, .

          WINLOGON.EXE

.

          WINMGTM.EXE

Windows. . Windows XP Svchost.

3.4.2.2          

- (, ) - , - . - .

. , .

, . .

, . . . .

, /, open, , . . . . , . , . , . () .

API- (IP- , ), . , , . , . , .

socket, ; open . , , , . . , , .

, . ( ) (). Win32 4 . exe-, DLL-. , , , (thread). , , .

MSDN , . . (The security context under which an application runs. Typically, the security context is associated with a user, so all applications running under a given process take on the permissions and privileges of the owning user.)

- , . , . , . Win32 ( primary) . , .. , , . , .

. , (). , . , .

, "" . , , - , . , ; , ; . .

Win32 API , . .

ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS

NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS.

BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS

IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS.

HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS

. , , Windows

IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS

( ). , . .

NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS

. , , .

REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS

( ) . . . , .

Win API SetPriorityClass :

BOOL SetPriorityClass(

HANDLE hProcess, //

DWORD dwPriorityClass // );

, , , . , , .

. , - , , , .

. , - .

, . -, ..

Win32 API 32 0..31. Windows , . ( Windows , .. , .) , . ( TThread.Priority Delphi Win API SetThreadPriority) :

BOOL SetThreadPriority( HANDLE hThread, // int nPriority // );

THREAD_PRIORITY_ABOVE_NORMAL

1

THREAD_PRIORITY_BELOW_NORMAL

1

THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGHEST

2

THREAD_PRIORITY_IDLE

1 IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS, BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS.

16 REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS.

THREAD_PRIORITY_LOWEST

2

THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL

THREAD_PRIORITY_TIME_CRITICAL

15 IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS, BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS. 31 REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS

. Windows 2000/XP nPriority - 7, - 6, -5, - 4, - 3, 3, 4, 5 6. Scheduling Priorities MSDN.

3.4.3  

3.4.3.1          

. Windows , . , , , , . - , , , .

, . , ( , ) . , , . , . , .

Windows Server

Windows , , . " Windows" ( ) - MSDN , Windows SKU .

, Windows SKU , . , 32- Windows Server 2008 Standard 4 , 32- Windows Server 2008 Datacenter - 64 . , 64- Windows Server 2008 Standard 32 , 64- Windows Server 2008 Datacenter - 2 . 2 - Windows Server , - .


32- - 128 - Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition. , , , . , PFN, . 28 , 128 PFN 930 . 32- Windows 4 , (, ) . PFN 980 2 , , , , 1 (. ). SKU 4 ( 4GT /3GB /USERVA Boot.ini /Set IncreaseUserVa Bcdedit). , , 3 , - 1 . Windows Server 2008 . , 32- , 64 .

PFN , , . , . , PFN 64- Windows, .

Windows Server 2008 Datacenter 2 . , - , , . Windows Server 2008 "" 2 - .

Windows

64- Windows - 512 Windows XP Starter 128 Vista Ultimate. , 32- Windows, Windows Vista, Windows XP Windows 2000 Professional, 4 . 4 - , x86. 4 - , , .

2 (SP2) Windows XP 4 , Windows XP . , 2 (SP2) Windows XP (PAE) , No Execute, , -, (DEP), -, 4 .

, , . - , , - , , , , , 4 . , , 4 , . , , , , . 4 , , .

32-

, 32- 4 . - , . , , . 32- , 4 , x86 x64 4 . , 4 , , - 500 , 500 4 .

, 32- Windows 3 , , . Windows 2000, Windows XP Windows Vista RTM System Properties ( ), Performance () . Windows XP Windows Vista ( 1 (SP1)) Msinfo32 Winver. 1 (SP1) Windows Vista , , , Microsoft.

Msinfo32, 32- Vista 3,5 .

Meminfo.

- , - , , . , . , , 64- Windows. , , , " Windows", .

3.4.3.2          

́ ́ , , , .

.

, , (partition) .

swap (. swap, /swɔp/) ( ), .

: ; ( ); ( , ).

. : (, 4096 ), ( 1 ). , . , . , . (, , ) ( , , ).

Microsoft Windows . . pagefile.sys , .

, . , , . , , . ( ), . . ( ), , , , , . , , . : , , , . , , .

(g, s), g , s . , g, s.

.

, ( ) , . , , . . , .

( , ) , () . . . , , , .

swap‐ () , , 1, 2, 3.

, / . , .

(IDE/SATA), . , /.

Windows FAT32 NTFS[2], , NTFS , FAT32 .

(1 ) GNU/Linux MS Windows ( Windows Vista/7) . Windows Vista , , , 2 .

() , . swap , sswap secure remove.

- , . , . , - (, ). ( ), :

. , .

, . , , .

:

Less Recently Used. , . , .

Last Recently Used. . .

(, ), ( ).


4.

Windows, . , Windows . . Windows .

, , , . . , WordPad.

Windows , . , , , .

Windows . , .


5.

Windows . .

Windows XP. Vista , , .

Vista Windows 7, XP Vista. , 7 Windows. , 2008 , . . , , . .

, , Windows XP. Microsoft , , XP .

( )

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :