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, (, Adair, 1973; Jung, 1982; Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1975; Silverman, 1977) . : (1970) .

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. , . , 17- , , , . , 19- 20- .

, , , , , . , 1879 1898. , , (Philosophische Studien Zeitschrift Jur Psychologie und Physiologic der Sinnesorgane), (Revue philosophiaue Annee psychologique), (Mind, Pedagogical Seminary, American Journal of Psychology, Psychological Revitw).

, , . , , , , . . (Versuchperson) , , . , .

, , . , , . , Kollert (1883) reactors, Estel (1885), Kollerta, observers. , (, Merkel, 1885).

, . , G. Stanley Hall operator, attendant, -- observer, percipient, subject (Hall & Donaldson, 1885; Hall & Jastrow, 1886; Hall & Motora, 1887). Johns Hopkins the individual under experiment (Stevens, 1886), , . Cattell subject, , observer (Cattell, 1888; Cattell & Bryant, 1889), , experimentee (Cattell, 1890).

, . 90- 19- , American Journal of Psychology Psychological Review subject, , observer. Reagent , . . . 1930 observer and subject (Bentley, 1929; Dashiell, 1930). , .

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, . . . (Sokal, 1980); Lorenz Merkel (Lorenz, 1885). , , , , , . , Mehner (1885) , , .

. , , , (, Dietze, 1885; Estel, 1885; Friedrich, 1883; Kollert, 1883; Tischer, 1883; Trautscholdt, 1883). , , . , , , , . , .

, . , -, - . , , - -, ..,, (, 1888; 1893).

, , . , , . , , 19 , , . , , , , , , . , , , ; , , . , (Danziger, 1980)..

, , . (1879,1880), (1885,1886) (Binet, 1886; Binet & Fere, 1885) , Delboeuf (1886a, 1886b). . , . , . , . , , . , , .

, (Orne, 1962), . , , , . 1890, . ( 1890). . , , , , , .

, 1880- . ? , , . , . . , -, . . , -, . , .

. . - (sujet), , .

Buffon 18- . , subject , , 19- (Grand Larousse, 1973; Littre, 1968). , 80- 19- , . , (sujet sains) (Fere, 1885, Bremaud by Bottey Dessoir, 1888), . , .. .

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, , . , , . . , , (Gurney, 1884; Hall, 1883). , G Stanley Hall , percipient (Hall & Donaldson, 1885) observer (Hall & Jastrow, 1886), .

Cattell, , , subject (Cattell, 1886). , 1889 , , (Cattell & Bryant, 1889), . , , (Gurney, 1884, 1887; Gurney, Myers, & Podmore, 1886, pp. 330-331; Jacobs, 1887), , , . subject . 18- , , 19- , (Oxford English Dictionary, 1933, Vol. 10). . James Braid (., Braid, 1960, p. 209).

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, G. Stanley Hall. Pedagogical Seminary ( American Journal of Psychology.). , . , , , , (, Barnes, 1895; Kratz, 1896; Schallenberger, 1894).

. , . , . , , , , . , , Hall-, , . , , . , , . , , , . . , , - . .

Halla , . , , ( Baldwin, Shaw, & Warren, 1895; Griffing, 1895; Jastrow, 1894; Kirkpatrick, 1894). , - , .

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, ? . , . , . (Galtonian) , , . , Franz Boas (Bolton, 1891; Bryan, 1892) . , . , , .

, , . , . , . , , . , . , , , . Hall , , .

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, , , , . .

. , , . , . , (Gergen & Gergen, 1984) .

, . -, ( Gadlin & Ingle, 1975; Kruglanski, 1976). . , , . , , , . , (Hendrick, 1977).

. , , (, Buss, ,(979). , . , . , , , , . , . . , , .

, . , . , , . (, . Bonnie, 1977). , , , . , , . , , , , .

, , . , , , , "social proof structures" (White, 1977). , , . , , . , , , , . , . , , .

Kurt Danziger, York University, Toronto, Canada. .

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