,,,
.
.
9 . .. '' (englisc) , . 56 . .. , , , . , , ( ) , , ( ). , , .
- , 731, .. , 449 . , , : , , ; , ; , , . , , . , (. angle, . angulus) , . , Angli, Engle. 1000 .. Angel-cyn ' ', Engla-land ' , ' : , . ( ), , , (.. ' ') (.. ' '), . , : , , . 8 . , (871899) . , , .
, , , . , , . , ( : better than I ', '), (. with a troop of friends ' '), (. he slew the dragon with a sword ' '), (. the book you gave (to) me ', '). 25 , : feet '', geese '', teeth '', men '', women '', lice '' mice ''. ( . -n), brethren '', children '' oxen ''. , treen trees '' housen houses ''. , - (.. ), -en . -s stan stanas ' ' (. . . stone stones). , ( ); , , 15 ., , . , this '//', these '' that '//', those '', -er, -est, , , , greater '///', greatest '///'. , , . , .. , , . , , . , , like (as like as two peas ', [.: ]'), (I like this ), (as like as not ' [.: , ]') (to swim like a duck ' '), (We shall not see his like again , , ). , , , , , , - . . : , wstmberendnes '+', ' + = ' heahfderas ' + = ', dlnimend ' + = '.
.
, 793 , 870 . , , , , , . - , , ; , - , , , . 954 I , , . ( 10161035), ( 1016), ( 1019) ( 1028). , , , , , .
: Nor-breck '', Garri-gill '', Sea-scale ' ', Wither-slack ' ', Brai-thwaite '' , Arn-both '', Levens-hulme ' ', How-thorpe '' . . law ', ' (.: ''), by-law ' ' (.: ' ') outlaw '' (.: ' '). husband ', , , , ' ( ), fellow ', ', .. ', '. (ridings) (thirdings), , (wapentakes) , '-'. calf ' ()', leg ', ', skin '' skull ''; bull '', kid '' rein(deer) ' '; anger '', axle '', band ', , ', bank ', ', birth '', boon ', ', crook '', dirt '', down '', dregs ', ', egg '', gait '', gap ', ', girth '', hap ', ', haven ' ', knife '', loan ', ', race ', ', reef ' ( )', rift '', root '', score ', ', seat '', skill '', sky '', snare '', stack ', ', steak ' ', thrift '', tidings '', want ', ' window ''; awkward '', flat '', happy '', ill '', loose ', ', low '', meek '', odd ', ', rotten '', rugged ', ', sly '', tight ', ', ugly '', weak '', wrong ''; call '', cast '', clasp '', clip '', crave ' ', crawl '', cut '', die '', droop ', ', drown ', ', flit '', gape ', , ', gasp '', glitter '', lift '', lug '', nag ', ', rake ', ', rid '', scare '', scowl '', skulk ', ', snub '', sprint '', take '', thrive '' thrust ', '. Nay no '', fro ( to and fro '-') from ', '. till until '' both '/' same ' '. they '', their ' (.)' them ' (. )', , heora him. , , , . , , , 17 . . 1066 .
.
, 793 , 870 . , , , , , . - , , ; , - , , , . 954 I , , . ( 10161035), ( 1016), ( 1019) ( 1028). , , , , , .
: Nor-breck '', Garri-gill '', Sea-scale ' ', Wither-slack ' ', Brai-thwaite '' , Arn-both '', Levens-hulme ' ', How-thorpe '' . . law ', ' (.: ''), by-law ' ' (.: ' ') outlaw '' (.: ' '). husband ', , , , ' ( ), fellow ', ', .. ', '. (ridings) (thirdings), , (wapentakes) , '-'. calf ' ()', leg ', ', skin '' skull ''; bull '', kid '' rein(deer) ' '; anger '', axle '', band ', , ', bank ', ', birth '', boon ', ', crook '', dirt '', down '', dregs ', ', egg '', gait '', gap ', ', girth '', hap ', ', haven ' ', knife '', loan ', ', race ', ', reef ' ( )', rift '', root '', score ', ', seat '', skill '', sky '', snare '', stack ', ', steak ' ', thrift '', tidings '', want ', ' window ''; awkward '', flat '', happy '', ill '', loose ', ', low '', meek '', odd ', ', rotten '', rugged ', ', sly '', tight ', ', ugly '', weak '', wrong ''; call '', cast '', clasp '', clip '', crave ' ', crawl '', cut '', die '', droop ', ', drown ', ', flit '', gape ', , ', gasp '', glitter '', lift '', lug '', nag ', ', rake ', ', rid '', scare '', scowl '', skulk ', ', snub '', sprint '', take '', thrive '' thrust ', '. Nay no '', fro ( to and fro '-') from ', '. till until '' both '/' same ' '. they '', their ' (.)' them ' (. )', , heora him. , , , . , , , 17 . . 1066 .
.
. 150 , (11541189) II , , . (catch '', warden '', warrant ', ', wage ', ', reward '') (chase '', guardian '', guarantee '', gage '', regard ', '). 1204 . . . , , . 1154 1254 , , . 1362, . . , -; , . . ( ), ( ) . (prince '', peer '', duke '', marquis '', viscount '' baron '') , (king '' queen '') , lord '', lady '' earl '' ( countess ''). shire '', town ' ', hamlet '', hall '', house '' home ' ' , county '', city ' ', village '', palace '', mansion '', residence '' domicile ' ' . law ', ' , right '' , justice ', ' . , , , , , : , freedom liberty '', friendship '' amity ' ', happiness '' felicity ''. ' ' (we are given a hearty welcome), , ' ' (we are granted a cordial reception).
.
, , , , . , - . (9 .) . , , We like sailing. , , (seglung), , (), .. we. ( ) He was given the boat Him ws gegiefen se bat ' ', bat '' . It am I ' ' I '', It is I () it ''. , (It's me). : -, , , -, . , , .
.
15 . , . , , . , . 16 . . - , (8 .) (12 .), , . , , , . 13 . , : c, , , Doctor Mirabilis. , .
, () () , : grammar '', logic '' rhetoric ''; arithmetic '', geometry '', astronomy '' music ''. . , drama '', theatre '', comedy '', tragedy '', catastrophe '', climax '', episode '', scene '', monologue '', dialogue '', prologue '' epilogue ''; 1920 . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , tele- '' ' ' telehydrobarometer '' telephotography ''; , television ''; macro- ', ' micro- '' , , .
16 . . congregation ', ', gravity '', infernal '', infidel ', ', position '' solid ', ' , , abacus ', ', executor '', explicit '', index '', item '', memento ', ', memorandum '', pauper '', proviso ' ' simile '' . . , descryve, parfit peynture describe '', perfect '' picture ''. , . : chance ', ' cadence ', ', count '' compute '', frail fragile '', garner granary ' ', poor '' pauper '', ray '' radius '', reason ', ' ration '', sever separate '', strait ', ' strict ', ', sure '' secure ', ' . . . '' '' -, , , , , leal, loyal, legal real, royal, regal. . spitting expectoration ', ', sneezing sternutation '', sleeplessness insomnia ''. , , , metamorphosis '' transformation '', ( : '', '' ); , , . . , : hyperaesthetic supersensitive '', hyperphysical supernatural '', hypostasis ', ' substance ', ', hypothesis '' supposition '', metathesis '' transposition ', ', monologue '' soliloquy ' ', periphery '' circumference ', ', periphrasis '' circumlocution '', sympathy '' compassion '', synthesis '' composition ', '.
.
. , , . - , , , , , . , 17 18 (Received Standard English). (16311700) . , , , 17 . . (1678), , , (1719), . , , , , . - , 1635 XIV. 1662 , . , , , , . 22 , . , . . , . 1714 , , , , . 1755 , , , , .
.
() 400 . , , , -est -eth . , , . (.. ) , , (.. ) . , , life '', deed ', ', deal '', name '', home ' ', moon '' house '', 1516 . . , (Great Vowel Shift), .
[i] [u] , ( ): , [o], [o] [u], [e] [e], [e] [i], , .
PRIVATE |
|
|
|
|
lyf |
lif |
leif |
laif |
life |
deed |
ded |
did |
did |
deed |
deel |
de l |
del |
dil |
deal |
name |
nem |
neim |
name |
|
hoom |
hom |
houm |
home |
|
mone |
mon |
mun |
mun |
moon |
hous |
hus |
hous |
haus |
house |
, ( , life, name, home house) , ( deed, deal moon) , , . (Received Standard English) 44 : 12 , 9 23 . 44 26 , (q, c x) , k ks. , . 23 . , , , : -, , , ; -, , , , , , , ; -, , , , , , . , 1870 , , (spelling pronunciation), . salve ' , ' ( halve [ha:v] ' ') salve '', salvage '' ( valve [vlv] ''). , , clerk '' dark [da:k] ''. , creater creature '', obleege oblige '' sojer soldier '', , 19 . , .
.
. , . , antiqua`rian '', geogra`phical '', opportu`nity ' ' persona`lity '', , . , , , , 2 4 1 5 3, 1 . , 4, 5, 3, , , [I] []. , conge`nial ', ' photo`graphy '', , , co`ntroversy '' la`mentable '', . (re`cord ', , ..', su`bject ', ') (pe`rfect '') , , , , (reco`rd ', ', subje`ct '', perfe`ct ', '). , criti`que '' connoisseu`r '', .
. , , - , . I am eating ' ( )' I eat ' ()'. , , , . go '' , We are going to write We will write . go, walk ' ' ( : I have resolved to run when I can, to go when I cannot run, and to creep when I cannot go ' , , ; , , , '), , , : We are going to go a long way .
: comeback ' ', setback ' ; ', comedown ', ', buildup ' ; ', followup ' ; ', holdup '; ', leadin ', ', input '; ' .. , , , . , : jet jet-propelled aircraft ' ', op operation '', up promote ', '. , ERNIE (Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment ' '), , , , DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ' - '). , , , , , , , . , -, , : .
.
, , . 17 . , , , , . , . , 18, 19 20 . , . , , .
.
, ,
(17581843), -er -re (center '', meter '', theater ''), -or -our (favor '', honor '', labor ''), check cheque '', connection connexion
'', jail gaol
'', story storey
'' ..
. , ,
(the audience were
.: ' ', the government
have .: ' '),
(to author '' author
'', to research
'' research ''), shall will (
) have got have '',
have gotten became '//'.
:
, .
:
, .
: class
'', half '', pass
'', dance ''
[
] bad '', [a:] father
''; God '', got '/', rob ''
[a:] father,
cloth ''; u- dew '', duke '', new '' too
'; ', you '' (..
[u:], [ju:]),
tt, butter
'', [d], ,
, r,
car '' card
'' , ,
r- .
, ; . , , : . . e`xtrao`rdina`ry . extr'o`rdin'ry, . la`b'rato`ry . la`b'rat'ry labo`rat'ry, . se`creta`ry . se`cret'ry. , , , , .
. . 9 . .. '' (englisc) , . 56 . ..
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