,,,
1
1.1.
1 2
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.2
, , , , III V . . , , VIII . , (, ), .
. , , , , . , XV XVI ., , , .
, XVI VII ., . .
, XVI VII ., 3 :
1) , , , ;
2) , , , , , , , ;
3) , .
.
VI VII .
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- .
. , - , : , .
1
1.1
, , - . XVI . XVI-XVII .[1]
, . , XVI : coude - , muche - , to lacke , to sleepe - , weake - , to goe - . XVII : could, much, to lack, to sleep, weak, to go. e , , , , : time, take.
, XVI , , i , , . , XVI : descrybe - , ryche - , merylye - . XVII : to describe, rich, merily. -yng, XVII , -ing, : lyvyng living.
XVI , . , XVI , : to chaunge - , pleasaunt - , remembraunce - , , , : to change, pleasant, remembrance.
. XVII I -all, : severall, contynuall several, continual.
, -nes -ss.
, XVI, XVII , .
, , XV XVI - , .
, -, , . , XVI , , , , . XVI , . , .[2]
, , , .
b : dette - , doute -, suget - , sotil - , ; debt, doubt, subtle debitum, dubito, subjectus, subtilis. debt, doubt, subtle b . subject b XV .
: endite - , parfit - , suget - , verdit - , vitayle , indict, perfect, subject, verdict, victuals indictare, perfectus, subjectus, verdictum, victualis.
: , endite i, parfit , , ['pg:fikt]. l : assaut - , faucon -, faut - , defaut - , soudiour - , assault, falcon, fault, default, soldier ab + saltus, falco, fallita, de + fallita, soldarius (soldium). l .
p : receit - , conceit - , deceit - , XVI receipt, conceipt, deceipt receptus, conceptus, deceptus.
conceipt deceipt , XVII conceit, deceit, , . receipt, , , .
, . , marcha(u)nt - , .-. mar chant, , merchant.
. , -, , , ad- : aventur - , avys - , , avance -, avauntage - ; adventure, advice, advance, advantage.
ens- es- ensample - , eschange - -, example, exchange.
- to encrease - , to enform - in-, to increase, to inform.
, XV XVI , , , , . XVI .
1.2
. , XV , :
1. (The Great Vowel Shift);
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. .[3]
(The Great Vowel Shift)
, The Great Vowel Shift, .. , . , , The Great Vowel Shift XVI XVIII . - , , , , XV XVI , XVII .
The Great Vowel Shift , , - .
[ɛ:] [:] XVI . XVI XVII [:] , , -, XVIII [ei].
, : take [ta:k] (XIV ) → [tӕ:k] ( XIV ) → [tɛ:k] (V) →[te: k] (VI VII ) →[teik] (VIII ) -
[i:] XIV [ij], XV [ei].
, [i] [ӕi] XVI [ai]. , : five [fi:v] (XIV ) → [feiv] (XV ) → [fӕiv] (XVI ) → [faiv] (XVII ) -
[u:] [uw] [:] [u:], .. XIV .
XV [u], XVI [u] [u]. , : town [tu: n] (XIV ) → [toun] (XV ) → [taun] (XVI ) -
, [u:] [] [m], :
.-. drupa > .-. droupen > .-. droop -
.-. ram > .-. roum > .-. room -
[ᴐ:], .-. [:] [ᴐ] , , [:], XVIII [u]. , : rood [ᴐ: d] (XVI ) → road [: d] (XVI-XVII) → [roud] (XVIII ) .
[ɛ:], .-. [ӕ:] XIII .-. [] , XVI [:], XVII-XVIII [i:]. , : se[sɛ:] (XIV ) → sea [se:] (XVI ) →[si:] (XVII-XVIII ) -
:
1. [] > [] [r]. , , - - XV , XV . , : werre (XVI ) → war[war] (XV ) . , XVI XVII [] [r] [] , , vartue vertue, sartein certain, sarvis service .
2. [] > [ӕ]. , -, ( - ) XV ., XVI : cat [kat] (XIV ) → [kaet] (XVI ) -
3.[a] > [ᴐ]. [w], w, wh q. XVII , XV [] [ᴐ]. , : want [want] (XV ) → [wᴐnt] (XVII ) .
4. [u] > [ʌ]. [u] [ʌ] XVII , [ʌ] [u] XVI : run [run] → [ʌn] -
: [u:] [ɛ:].
1. [u:] XVI [v], [d], []. [u], [u:], [u], - [u], : blood [blo:d] (XV ) → [blu:d] (XVI ) → [blud] (XVI ) → [blʌd] (XVII-XVIII ) -
2. , [ɛ:] [:] XVI . , [:] [d], [t] [Ɵ], [ɛ:] [], , : deed [de: d] (XV ) → dead [dead] (XVI ) . [ɛ:] [d], [t] [Ɵ] , [:] > [:] > [i:]:
[α:] [ᴐ:] [ə:].
1. [:] [], -. :
) [] > [] > [ӕ:] > [α:]. [] [f], [s], [Ɵ], [r] . [], , [ӕ]. , XVI [ӕ] XVIII , [α:], : pass [pass] (XV ) → [ӕ:s] (XVI - XVIII ) → [pα: s] (XVIII ) -
) [a] > [au] > [α:]. [] [1] [m] [f]. , XV [] [1] [u], [] [u]. [1] [u] , [:] , : calm [kaulm] (XIV ) → [kaum] (XV ) → [ka:m] (XVI ) -
2. [ᴐ:] . .
) [] > [ᴐ:]. XVI-XVII : cause [kauz] (XV ) → [ᴐ: z] (XVI-XVII ) -
) [ᴐ] > [ou] > [au] > [ᴐ:]. [ᴐ:] [ᴐ] [], [t]. [ᴐ] [] [u], [ou]. [ou] [] [u], [ᴐ:] XVI . , : thoghte ['Ɵᴐxtə] (III ) → thought ['Ɵouxtə] (XIV ) → thought [Ɵaut] (XV ) → [Ɵᴐ:t] (XVI ) -
) [ᴐ] > [ᴐ:]. [ᴐ:] [ᴐ] [f], [s], [Ɵ] [] [ӕ] [ӕ:], .. [ᴐ] [ᴐ:] XVI .
: [ai], [ei], [au], [ou], [eu]. .
[ai] [ei] XIV , [ӕ], . , XV , [ӕi] [ɛ:], [ɛ:] [:]. [ӕi] , [ɛ:] [:], .. XV XVI [:], XVIII [i].
[:], , [ju:], , -, XVI [:] [ju:], : knew [kniu] (IV ) → [knju] (V ) → [nju:] (VI ) -
1. , , , [i] XV, XVI . .
[:] > [i] : -age, -ate.
[e] > [i] -less [lis], -ness [nis], -ledge [lid3].
2. , , , [ə]. -on ([ən] > [n]), -our ([u:r] > [or] > [ə]).
3. [ai] [ei] XVI [i]. [1] [n], [i] , [1] [n] .
.
, :
1. [f], [s] [Ɵ] ;
2. [r];
3. ;
4. .
[f], [s] [Ɵ]
) [f] [v], , of , [əv], of.
, -if, : captif > captive [kӕptiv] - ;
) [s] [z], : was [was] > [waz] > [wᴐz] . , , 3- .
) [Ɵ] []. , , , , : the [θ] > [] - ,
, , , . , this, , .. , (in this to this), []. -, , , .
) [tʃ] [ʤ], : .-a. knowleche > .-. knowledge ['nᴐliʤ] - ,
) [ks] [gz], : examination [ig'zӕmi'neiʃn] - .
, , , : execute ['eksikju:t] - , executive [ig'zekjutiv] - .
[r]
[r] , , [r] , , , , . XVII-XVIII : bark [bark] → [bα: :k] . [r] .
XVI, XVII . XVI [b] [n] [m] , [mb] [m] [mn] [m], : .-a. climben [klimban] > .-. climb [klaim] - .
, , . . :
[stl] [sl], : .-a. bustlen [bustlən] > .-. bustle [bʌsl] - ,
[stn] [sn], : .-a. fastnen [fastnən] > .-. fasten [fα:sn] - ,
[skl] - [sl], : .-a. muscle ['muskl] > .-. muscle [rnʌsl] - .
[ftn] [fn], : .-a. often [ᴐftn] > .-. often ['ᴐfn] - .
XVI, XVII [kn], [gn] [wr]. [k] [n], [t]. [t] [n] . : [kn] > [tn] > [n]. [g], [k] [n], [n]. [g] [d], [n]. : [gn] > [dn] > [n].
XVII , XV . [t], [d], [s] [z] [j] , .
1) [s] + [j] [ʃ];
2) [z] + [j] [Ʒ];
3) [t] + [j] [tʃ];
4) [d] + [j] [ʤ].
2
2.1
.
, horse - , foe - , knee - , eye - , tree - , shoe - , - , child-, XV XVI - : horsen - , fan - , - .. XVI , child, - -es. child - : oxen, children. brethren - , , brothers -s, , , ( ).
XV XVI , , , : apple - , lamb -, shepp - , deer - , winter - , year - , swine -. XVI -es, . deer - , sheep - swine - .[4]
XVI [s], , [z]; [iz] [əz].
XVI XVII , [s], [z], [ks], [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ], :
)
[z]
,
[1], [m], [n], [b], [d], [g]
, , : n ()-pens [penz] -
) [z], , [s], : book () - bookes [u:kiz] > books [bu:ks] -
) [iz] [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ] [s], [z], [ks], : lash () - lashes [lӕʃrz] - .
-es XVI , s . , cherrys - peas - , , ( ), . s , cherry - pea -.
-s, XV, XVI - . , -- 's. ' XVIII .
's , , Smith's and Brown's office, Smith and Brown's office.
2.2
.
2- thou - thee XVI 2- - . , XVI , you, eow. XVII , you.
hit - XVI h, , , it. XVI it its, XVII his , .
they - hi, . they .
XV here their.
hem - them - XVII '.
, , , - , I-. , it's it's I.
2.3
. :
1. ;
2.
;
3. ;
4. .[5]
, . :
)
, , ;
) . , .
I XVI-XVIII : .-. [i:] [ai]. .-. [ᴐ:] [ou]. .
, I,
|
II | |||
. | . | |||
[i:] > [ai] | [ᴐ:] > [ou] | [ou] | [i] | |
to drive to write to smite to ride to rise |
drove > drove wrote----- > wrote smote----- > smote rode > rode rose > rose |
driven written smitten ridden risen |
|
I
XVI-XVIII II I ; , to write whote writ, II - written wrote ( ). XVIII .
II , , , . , .-. chesen -, ches, chosen, II chosen, [u] II, [u:] , .
II
II | |||
. | . | ||
[o:] > [u:] | [ou] | [ou] | [ᴐ:] > [ou] |
To choose | Chose ← chose ← chosen |
III . - II , :
III
II | ||||
. | . | |||
[i] | [a] > [ӕ] | [ӕ] | [u] > [ʌ] | |
to begin |
began > began drank ----- > drank sang > sang rang > rang swam > swam shrank > shrank |
begun | ||
to drink | drunk | |||
to sing | sung | |||
to ring | rung | |||
to swim | swum | |||
to shrink | shrunk |
XVI, XVII ; , drink drank drunk, sing - sang sung.
III II -, . : sunken - , , drunken - , sodden - , ( seethe - ). IV XVI-XVII . [] [ɛ:] . [] [:], [i]. [ei] . , XVI-XVII .
IV
II | ||||
. | . | |||
[ɛə] [i:] | [ɛə] [ei] | [ᴐ:] [u] | ||
to bear to steal |
bare stale |
bare stale |
bor(e)n stole |
|
V .
II | ||||
. | . | |||
[i] [i:] | [ei] [] | [I] [i:] | ||
to give to eat |
Gave ← gave ate ← ate [et] |
given eaten |
|
|
V
VI : .-. [:] > .-. [ei] II; .-. [:] > [u:], XVIII [u] . .
II | ||||
. | . | |||
[:] > [ei] | [o:|>[u] | [o:|>[u] | [a:] > [ei] | |
to shake to take to forsake |
shook took forsook |
shook took forsook |
shaken taken forsaken |
|
VII , VI , VII , . II , , to hold - , held .-. II holden, : to hold - held - held.
, .
3
3.1
.[6]
1. -er, -ing, -man, , .
, , , . -r -man.
-r , , -or, : doctor, author, actor, director, inspector . -or, actor, director, inspector, to act, to direct, to inspect, , [], .. , -r, - -r.
, -r . r - . , , , : admirer - , to admire - ; discoverer - , , to discover ..
-man - . , , . , , : airman - , air - ; chairman - , chair, - ..
, , , . -ing. . , : farming - ( ), to farm, XVI ; firing - , to fire . , -ing , : amazing - , to amaze - ; amusing - , to amuse ..
2. -merit, -al, -ity, - (-) ; -able, ic(at) ; re-, dis-. :
) , , , : department, parliament, judgement. merit;
) , . , to excite - excitement - . excite-. excite- merit .
: -merit, -ity, -ation, -age, -, -ist, -ism, -ance (-ence) - ; -able, -ic(al), -al, -ous, -ire - ; -ize, ify - .
, , , , .
. . :
) + . . . : blackboard - ( black , ); great-coat - ( great , );
) + . , . : booking-office - to book - ( - was booked); looking-glass - .
3. , , . , , . , . : man-of-war , Jack-in-office - , matter-of-fact - , .
, , , , , : milk-and-water - , , hole-and-corner - , , , , , : merry-go-round - ; happy-go-lucky - .
. , , . : sons-in-law - , men-of-war - . , : merrygo-rounds - .
4. - , , . , -, [ə] XV , . , , , , , , . , , : gent (.) - gentleman (-, , XV ). XVI quack - , quacksalver . XVII-XVIII : mob - , < . mobile vulgus - , phiz - < physiognomy .
5. ( ). , , , .
, : a bomb → to bomb - ; a head → to head .
, : to bend → a bend - , ; to bow - a → bow .
: calm - 頠 → to calm -
6. . , . XVI , , - (1600 .), . XVI-XVII , : calico - , ; coumbric - , ; sural - , ; morocco - , , .
:
) , , , , a Hansom cab - . , , . , a Hansom cab Hansom, .. , .
) . , , .
3.2
. , , , .
, , . . , . , .
XVI-XVII , , , .
, , , . : ) , , ) , .
, , . , . -ate, -ute -t, .
. . , -el, . , de. , -end. , mit. , duce.
. , .
XVII XVIII . . , -ice, -in(e) [i:s], [i:n], : machine [məʃi:n] - . -et [ei], .. [:], : ballet [bӕlei] . -que [k], : grotesque [grou'tesk] - . s , : corps [kᴐ:] - .
, XVI , . , . , , , . bank - . b, , . bank XVI . alarm allarmi, !, !. XVI alarm , . , , , alarm-clock - .
XVI . XVI , . , , XVI-XVII , .
, , . :
) , - , : cargo - < . cargo - , ; contraband - < . contrabando .
)
, ,
, : banana
< . banana - (-,
- ).
, , , , : canyon < . canon- ; maize < . maiz - , ; hurricane < . huracan - , .
XVI , , . .
:
) , , , : rock < . rocke - ; spool < . spoel - ;
) ,
,
, : buoy < .
boei - ; cruise < . kruis
.
, , XVII , : easel < . ezel - , ; to etch < . etsen - .
. , , XVI , . XVI . , , , . , XVI , : rouble -, cossack - , tsar - .
XVI-XVII . , . :
1. , XVI . , .
2. XVI-XVII :
- -es, [z], [s] [iz] .
- , .. , .
- .
- , , , .
- , , .
- , : , , .
- , .
- , .
- , [v], [] [z] [j] .
XVI-XVII ( ).
1. .., .., .. . - .: , 2004. 288 .
2. .. : . . .: , 2003. 272 .
3. .., .., .., .. . .: - ѻ, 2000. 320 .
4. .. (http://www.classes.ru/grammar/30.Ocherki_po_stilistike_angliyskogo_yazyka/html/unnamed_30.html)
5. .. . ( ). // , 1984 - 1. . 19 31
6. . . . .: , 2009 . - 384 .
7. .., .., .. : , , . .: , 2000. 510 .
8. , . . / . . - .: : , 2003. - 164 .
9. .. . .: , 1989. 160 .
10. .. : . .: - һ,2001 ( ..).
11. .., .., .. : .- .: : . 2001 ( ..).
12. .. ( ). .: , 2000. 223 .
13. , . . : / . . . 3- ., . .: , 2001. 189 .
14. Sipka D. Slavic lexical borrowings in English : patterns of lexical and cultural transfer // Studia slavica cad. sci. hung. - Budapest, 2004. - Vol. 49, N. 3/4. - P. 353-364.
[1] .. : . . .: , 2003. .197
[2] .. Π . // , 1984 - 1. . 19 31
[3] .., .., .. . - .: , 2004. . 76
[4] , . . : / . . . .: , 2001.
[5] .. . .: , 1989. .36 - 38
[6] , . . / . . - .: : , 2003. . 54 - 56
1 1.1. 1 2 2 2.1 2.2
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