. , , ,

,,,

1

1.1. 

1 2

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

3

3.1

3.2


, , , , III V . . , , VIII . , (, ), .

. , , , , . , XV XVI ., , , .

, XVI VII ., . .

, XVI VII ., 3 :

1) , , , ;

2) , , , , , , , ;

3) , .

.

VI VII .

, .

:

- ;

- ;

- .

. , - , : , .


1

1.1 

, , - . XVI . XVI-XVII .[1]

, . , XVI : coude - , muche - , to lacke , to sleepe - , weake - , to goe - . XVII : could, much, to lack, to sleep, weak, to go. e , , , , : time, take.

, XVI , , i , , . , XVI : descrybe - , ryche - , merylye - . XVII : to describe, rich, merily. -yng, XVII , -ing, : lyvyng living.

XVI , . , XVI , : to chaunge - , pleasaunt - , remembraunce - , , , : to change, pleasant, remembrance.

. XVII I -all, : severall, contynuall several, continual.

, -nes -ss.

, XVI, XVII , .

, , XV XVI - , .

, -, , . , XVI , , , , . XVI , . , .[2]

, , , .

b : dette - , doute -, suget - , sotil - , ; debt, doubt, subtle debitum, dubito, subjectus, subtilis. debt, doubt, subtle b . subject b XV .

: endite - , parfit - , suget - , verdit - , vitayle , indict, perfect, subject, verdict, victuals indictare, perfectus, subjectus, verdictum, victualis.

: , endite i, parfit , , ['pg:fikt]. l : assaut - , faucon -, faut - , defaut - , soudiour - , assault, falcon, fault, default, soldier ab + saltus, falco, fallita, de + fallita, soldarius (soldium). l .

p : receit - , conceit - , deceit - , XVI receipt, conceipt, deceipt receptus, conceptus, deceptus.

conceipt deceipt , XVII conceit, deceit, , . receipt, , , .

, . , marcha(u)nt - , .-. mar chant, , merchant.

. , -, , , ad- : aventur - , avys - , , avance -, avauntage - ; adventure, advice, advance, advantage.

ens- es- ensample - , eschange - -, example, exchange.

- to encrease - , to enform - in-, to increase, to inform.

, XV XVI , , , , . XVI .

1.2 

. , XV , :

1. (The Great Vowel Shift);

2. ;

3. ;

4. ;

5. ;

6. .[3]

(The Great Vowel Shift)

, The Great Vowel Shift, .. , . , , The Great Vowel Shift XVI XVIII . - , , , , XV XVI , XVII .

The Great Vowel Shift , , - .

[ɛ:] [:] XVI . XVI XVII [:] , , -, XVIII [ei].

, : take [ta:k] (XIV ) → [tӕ:k] ( XIV ) → [tɛ:k] (V) →[te: k] (VI VII ) →[teik] (VIII ) -

[i:] XIV [ij], XV [ei].

, [i] [ӕi] XVI [ai]. , : five [fi:v] (XIV ) → [feiv] (XV ) → [fӕiv] (XVI ) → [faiv] (XVII ) -

[u:] [uw] [:] [u:], .. XIV .

XV [u], XVI [u] [u]. , : town [tu: n] (XIV ) → [toun] (XV ) → [taun] (XVI ) -

, [u:] [] [m], :

.-. drupa > .-. droupen > .-. droop -

.-. ram > .-. roum > .-. room -

[ᴐ:], .-. [:] [ᴐ] , , [:], XVIII [u]. , : rood [ᴐ: d] (XVI ) → road [: d] (XVI-XVII) → [roud] (XVIII ) .

[ɛ:], .-. [ӕ:] XIII .-. [] , XVI [:], XVII-XVIII [i:]. , : se[sɛ:] (XIV ) → sea [se:] (XVI ) →[si:] (XVII-XVIII ) -

:

1. [] > [] [r]. , , - - XV , XV . , : werre (XVI ) → war[war] (XV ) . , XVI XVII [] [r] [] , , vartue vertue, sartein certain, sarvis service .

2. [] > [ӕ]. , -, ( - ) XV ., XVI : cat [kat] (XIV ) → [kaet] (XVI ) -

3.[a] > [ᴐ]. [w], w, wh q. XVII , XV [] [ᴐ]. , : want [want] (XV ) → [wᴐnt] (XVII ) .

4. [u] > [ʌ]. [u] [ʌ] XVII , [ʌ] [u] XVI : run [run] → [ʌn] -

: [u:] [ɛ:].

1. [u:] XVI [v], [d], []. [u], [u:], [u], - [u], : blood [blo:d] (XV ) → [blu:d] (XVI ) → [blud] (XVI ) → [blʌd] (XVII-XVIII ) -

2. , [ɛ:] [:] XVI . , [:] [d], [t] [Ɵ], [ɛ:] [], , : deed [de: d] (XV ) → dead [dead] (XVI ) . [ɛ:] [d], [t] [Ɵ] , [:] > [:] > [i:]:

[α:] [ᴐ:] [ə:].

1. [:] [], -. :

) [] > [] > [ӕ:] > [α:]. [] [f], [s], [Ɵ], [r] . [], , [ӕ]. , XVI [ӕ] XVIII , [α:], : pass [pass] (XV ) → [ӕ:s] (XVI - XVIII ) → [pα: s] (XVIII ) -

) [a] > [au] > [α:]. [] [1] [m] [f]. , XV [] [1] [u], [] [u]. [1] [u] , [:] , : calm [kaulm] (XIV ) → [kaum] (XV ) → [ka:m] (XVI ) -

2. [ᴐ:] . .

) [] > [ᴐ:]. XVI-XVII : cause [kauz] (XV ) → [ᴐ: z] (XVI-XVII ) -

) [ᴐ] > [ou] > [au] > [ᴐ:]. [ᴐ:] [ᴐ] [], [t]. [ᴐ] [] [u], [ou]. [ou] [] [u], [ᴐ:] XVI . , : thoghte ['Ɵᴐxtə] (III ) → thought ['Ɵouxtə] (XIV ) → thought [Ɵaut] (XV ) → [Ɵᴐ:t] (XVI ) -

) [ᴐ] > [ᴐ:]. [ᴐ:] [ᴐ] [f], [s], [Ɵ] [] [ӕ] [ӕ:], .. [ᴐ] [ᴐ:] XVI .

: [ai], [ei], [au], [ou], [eu]. .

[ai] [ei] XIV , [ӕ], . , XV , [ӕi] [ɛ:], [ɛ:] [:]. [ӕi] , [ɛ:] [:], .. XV XVI [:], XVIII [i].

[:], , [ju:], , -, XVI [:] [ju:], : knew [kniu] (IV ) → [knju] (V ) → [nju:] (VI ) -

1.  , , , [i] XV, XVI . .

[:] > [i] : -age, -ate.

[e] > [i] -less [lis], -ness [nis], -ledge [lid3].

2.  , , , [ə]. -on ([ən] > [n]), -our ([u:r] > [or] > [ə]).

3.  [ai] [ei] XVI [i]. [1] [n], [i] , [1] [n] .

.

, :

1. [f], [s] [Ɵ] ;

2. [r];

3. ;

4. .

[f], [s] [Ɵ]

) [f] [v], , of , [əv], of.

, -if, : captif > captive [kӕptiv] - ;

) [s] [z], : was [was] > [waz] > [wᴐz] . , , 3- .

) [Ɵ] []. , , , , : the [θ] > [] - ,

, , , . , this, , .. , (in this to this), []. -, , , .

) [tʃ] [ʤ], : .-a. knowleche > .-. knowledge ['nᴐliʤ] - ,

) [ks] [gz], : examination [ig'zӕmi'neiʃn] - .

, , , : execute ['eksikju:t] - , executive [ig'zekjutiv] - .

[r]

[r] , , [r] , , , , . XVII-XVIII : bark [bark] → [bα: :k] . [r] .

XVI, XVII . XVI [b] [n] [m] , [mb] [m] [mn] [m], : .-a. climben [klimban] > .-. climb [klaim] - .

, , . . :

[stl] [sl], : .-a. bustlen [bustlən] > .-. bustle [bʌsl] - ,

[stn] [sn], : .-a. fastnen [fastnən] > .-. fasten [fα:sn] - ,

[skl] - [sl], : .-a. muscle ['muskl] > .-. muscle [rnʌsl] - .

[ftn] [fn], : .-a. often [ᴐftn] > .-. often ['ᴐfn] - .

XVI, XVII [kn], [gn] [wr]. [k] [n], [t]. [t] [n] . : [kn] > [tn] > [n]. [g], [k] [n], [n]. [g] [d], [n]. : [gn] > [dn] > [n].

XVII , XV . [t], [d], [s] [z] [j] , .

1) [s] + [j] [ʃ];

2) [z] + [j] [Ʒ];

3) [t] + [j] [tʃ];

4) [d] + [j] [ʤ].


2.1 

.

, horse - , foe - , knee - , eye - , tree - , shoe - , - , child-, XV XVI - : horsen - , fan - , - .. XVI , child, - -es. child - : oxen, children. brethren - , , brothers -s, , , ( ).

XV XVI , , , : apple - , lamb -, shepp - , deer - , winter - , year - , swine -. XVI -es, . deer - , sheep - swine - .[4]

XVI [s], , [z]; [iz] [əz].

XVI XVII , [s], [z], [ks], [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ], :

) [z] ,
[1], [m], [n], [b], [d], [g]
, , : n ()-pens [penz] -

) [z], , [s], : book () - bookes [u:kiz] > books [bu:ks] -

) [iz] [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ] [s], [z], [ks], : lash () - lashes [lӕʃrz] - .

-es XVI , s . , cherrys - peas - , , ( ), . s , cherry - pea -.

-s, XV, XVI - . , -- 's. ' XVIII .

's , , Smith's and Brown's office, Smith and Brown's office.

2.2 

.

2- thou - thee XVI 2- - . , XVI , you, eow. XVII , you.

hit - XVI h, , , it. XVI it its, XVII his , .

they - hi, . they .

XV here their.

hem - them - XVII '.

, , , - , I-. , it's it's I.

2.3 

. :

1. ;

2.
;

3. ;

4. .[5]

, . :

)
, , ;

) . , .

I XVI-XVIII : .-. [i:] [ai]. .-. [ᴐ:] [ou]. .

,

I,

II
. .
[i:] > [ai] [ᴐ:] > [ou] [ou] [i]

to drive

to write

to smite

to ride

to rise

drove > drove

wrote----- > wrote

smote----- > smote

rode > rode

rose > rose

driven

written

smitten

ridden

risen

I

XVI-XVIII II I ; , to write whote writ, II - written wrote ( ). XVIII .

II , , , . , .-. chesen -, ches, chosen, II chosen, [u] II, [u:] , .


II

II
. .
[o:] > [u:] [ou] [ou] [ᴐ:] > [ou]
To choose Chose ← chose ← chosen

III . - II , :

III

II
. .
[i] [a] > [ӕ] [ӕ] [u] > [ʌ]
to begin

began > began

drank ----- > drank

sang > sang

rang > rang

swam > swam

shrank > shrank

begun
to drink drunk
to sing sung
to ring rung
to swim swum
to shrink shrunk

XVI, XVII ; , drink drank drunk, sing - sang sung.

III II -, . : sunken - , , drunken - , sodden - , ( seethe - ). IV XVI-XVII . [] [ɛ:] . [] [:], [i]. [ei] . , XVI-XVII .

IV

II
. .
[ɛə] [i:] [ɛə] [ei] [ᴐ:] [u]

to bear

to steal

bare

stale

bare

stale

bor(e)n

stole

V .

II
. .
[i] [i:] [ei] [] [I] [i:]

to give

to eat

Gave ← gave

ate ← ate [et]

given

eaten

V

VI : .-. [:] > .-. [ei] II; .-. [:] > [u:], XVIII [u] . .

II
. .
[:] > [ei] [o:|>[u] [o:|>[u] [a:] > [ei]

to shake

to take

to forsake

shook

took

forsook

shook

took

forsook

shaken

taken

forsaken

VII , VI , VII , . II , , to hold - , held .-. II holden, : to hold - held - held.

, .


3.1 

.[6]

1.  -er, -ing, -man, , .

, , , . -r -man.

-r , , -or, : doctor, author, actor, director, inspector . -or, actor, director, inspector, to act, to direct, to inspect, , [], .. , -r, - -r.

, -r . r - . , , , : admirer - , to admire - ; discoverer - , , to discover ..

-man - . , , . , , : airman - , air - ; chairman - , chair, - ..

, , , . -ing. . , : farming - ( ), to farm, XVI ; firing - , to fire . , -ing , : amazing - , to amaze - ; amusing - , to amuse ..

2.  -merit, -al, -ity, - (-) ; -able, ic(at) ; re-, dis-. :

) , , , : department, parliament, judgement. merit;

) , . , to excite - excitement - . excite-. excite- merit .

: -merit, -ity, -ation, -age, -, -ist, -ism, -ance (-ence) - ; -able, -ic(al), -al, -ous, -ire - ; -ize, ify - .

, , , , .

. . :

) + . . . : blackboard - ( black , ); great-coat - ( great , );

) + . , . : booking-office - to book - ( - was booked); looking-glass - .

3.  , , . , , . , . : man-of-war , Jack-in-office - , matter-of-fact - , .

, , , , , : milk-and-water - , , hole-and-corner - , , , , , : merry-go-round - ; happy-go-lucky - .

. , , . : sons-in-law - , men-of-war - . , : merrygo-rounds - .

4.  - , , . , -, [ə] XV , . , , , , , , . , , : gent (.) - gentleman (-, , XV ). XVI quack - , quacksalver . XVII-XVIII : mob - , < . mobile vulgus - , phiz - < physiognomy .

5.  ( ). , , , .

, : a bomb → to bomb - ; a head → to head .

, : to bend → a bend - , ; to bow - a → bow .

: calm - 頠 → to calm -

6. . , . XVI , , - (1600 .), . XVI-XVII , : calico - , ; coumbric - , ; sural - , ; morocco - , , .

:

) , , , , a Hansom cab - . , , . , a Hansom cab Hansom, .. , .

) . , , .

3.2 

. , , , .

, , . . , . , .

XVI-XVII , , , .

, , , . : ) , , ) , .

, , . , . -ate, -ute -t, .

. . , -el, . , de. , -end. , mit. , duce.

. , .

XVII XVIII . . , -ice, -in(e) [i:s], [i:n], : machine [məʃi:n] - . -et [ei], .. [:], : ballet [bӕlei] . -que [k], : grotesque [grou'tesk] - . s , : corps [kᴐ:] - .

, XVI , . , . , , , . bank - . b, , . bank XVI . alarm allarmi, !, !. XVI alarm , . , , , alarm-clock - .

XVI . XVI , . , , XVI-XVII , .

, , . :

) , - , : cargo - < . cargo - , ; contraband - < . contrabando .

) , ,
, : banana < . banana - (-, - ).

, , , , : canyon < . canon- ; maize < . maiz - , ; hurricane < . huracan - , .

XVI , , . .

:

) , , , : rock < . rocke - ; spool < . spoel - ;

) , ,
, : buoy < . boei - ; cruise < . kruis .

, , XVII , : easel < . ezel - , ; to etch < . etsen - .

. , , XVI , . XVI . , , , . , XVI , : rouble -, cossack - , tsar - .


XVI-XVII . , . :

1.  , XVI . , .

2.  XVI-XVII :

- -es, [z], [s] [iz] .

- , .. , .

- .

- , , , .

- , , .

- , : , , .

- , .

- , .

- , [v], [] [z] [j] .

XVI-XVII ( ).


1.  .., .., .. . - .: , 2004. 288 .

2.  .. : . . .: , 2003. 272 .

3.  .., .., .., .. . .: - ѻ, 2000. 320 .

4.  .. (http://www.classes.ru/grammar/30.Ocherki_po_stilistike_angliyskogo_yazyka/html/unnamed_30.html)

5.  .. . ( ). // , 1984 - 1. . 19 31

6.  . . . .: , 2009 . - 384 .

7.  .., .., .. : , , . .: , 2000. 510 .

8.  , . . / . . - .: : , 2003. - 164 .

9.  .. . .: , 1989. 160 .

10.  .. : . .: - һ,2001 ( ..).

11.  .., .., .. : .- .: : . 2001 ( ..).

12. .. ( ). .: , 2000. 223 .

13. , . . : / . . . 3- ., . .: , 2001. 189 .

14. Sipka D. Slavic lexical borrowings in English : patterns of lexical and cultural transfer // Studia slavica cad. sci. hung. - Budapest, 2004. - Vol. 49, N. 3/4. - P. 353-364.



[1] .. : . . .: , 2003. .197

[2] .. Π . // , 1984 - 1. . 19 31

[3] .., .., .. . - .: , 2004. . 76

[4] , . . : / . . . .: , 2001.

[5] .. . .: , 1989. .36 - 38

[6] , . . / . . - .: : , 2003. . 54 - 56

1 1.1. 1 2 2 2.1 2.2

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :