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. 410 ., ( ) 1 . (2007). .

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. 150. .


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, XIVXV . - XVI , . .

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́ ( . palatum ) , .

( l,r, ): *k>, *g>, *x>. *x> *š> .

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, , , , . j-, . , j, l, n, r, m, j- .

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j, w, , . *-jj- > gg ( ggj), , : *bb, *dd, *gg > bb, dd, gg,. , , , , /g/. j. J- gj kj: . leggja < * lagjan, hyggja < *hugjan, lykkja lok , knækkjan . knaka , rek(k)ja < *rakjan, þekja < *þakjan. j /k/:/k/: merkja /merka/ < *markjan, orka /orka/ < *urko. : gen.sg. bekkjar nom. sg. bekkr, acc. sg. bekk , inf. merkja praet. merkti . , . , , . , Cj:C > C , , . inf. skilja - 1 sg. pres. skil, 2,3 sg. pres. skilr.

, , , , , , , . , , . , /j/, , .

19- , . cyan, gyet, begyin - . . an, get, begin.

: > : XV XVII ., , . , tool (to:l>tu:l), moon (:>:), food (fo:d>fu:d), do (do:>du:) . . , , , . , , . , , . , . , . , :>: , , (i: :) . , . (, :>:) . , , , , , . , . , , . , , , e:>:>i: (. beat ; be:tq>be:t>bi:t), e:>i: (. meet : me:t>mi:t), :>: (. moon : mo:n>mu:n) . . , , : .

, .

. , . , "" "" .

, .. , [ s, z, n, t ] [ θ, ð ] , [ θ, ð ].

:

[ in ðə ] In the text -
[ ɔn ðə ] On the plate -
[ ət ðə ] At the desk -
[ iz ðə ] Is this a pencil? - ?

. . . , , , : 1. , . . , 2. , , ; . head d, t, ., 3. . . , , 4. , ., , , . .

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. (Henry Sweet, 1845-1912) , , . , . , , , . , , . ( . ); , , , . , : , . . (Philological Society), , ( ) .

, , 1877. ( Handbook of phonetics, including a popular exposition of spelling reform. 1877). , (A Primer of Phonetics) , 1906 ., 1908 . , (The sounds of English. An introduction to phonetics). (Phonetics) 1911 . ; , . , , .

+ , + , ( ), , . , , , XVIII .

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