,,,
. , , , , .
. . . , , , . ( , ) , .
:
1) ; ; , ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) , , , -, .
, . , . , , . .
45 ( 105074). 45 . , , . 105074 (, ), . , , , .
, . 05, 08, 10, 15, 20, , 85, ( 105074). 45 , , , . , .
45, (%) 105074
C | Si | Mn | Cr | S | P | Cu | Ni | As |
0,420,50 | 0,170,37 | 0,500,80 | 0,25 | 0,04 | 0,035 | 0,25 | 0,25 | 0,08 |
, , , , . - . , (, , , , ..). . , , (, ), , , , . 12 . (, ..), , , . 30 .
, , 40, 45, 50. , (HRC 4058) ( , , ..).
, , .
45:
, : 1250, 700. 400 ;
. : . ;
170179 s=640
u . .=1
u . .=1;
;
.
. , , , , . . , , , :
1. , .
2. , .
3. . .
4. . Ƹ L/d≤12. :
d=(20+10)/2=15
L=55
L/d=55/15=3,67
, : 3,67≤12.
5. .
6. Æ10+0,024+0,015
Td=ES-EI=0,0240,015=0,009
6, .
Æ20-0,020-0,072
Td=ES-EI=-0,020 (-0,072)=0,052
9, .
, .
: , .
3.110874 . :
3.0=Q/PM, (2.1)
Q ; PM , .
. , 80000 , 0,1 , 3.1 [3, c. 24] .
, , . 110.
, , - () - () , . , , . , , .. . . , .
- . . , , . , , . ( ).
1) . . Ø20. Ø20. 20 . :
005.
010.
4 , 2 . :
005:
D.005=D+2Z010=20+2=22 젠 (3.1)
:
D..=D.005+2Z005=22+4=26 젠 (3.2)
259071.
26 - 2590 71
45 14034 74
26 .
2 1,4 .
:
L=L+2Z.=55+1,4=56,4 젠 (3.3)
, . 57 . :
V=pD2..L/4=3,142,6425,7/4=31,185 3 (3.4)
:
G=gV=0,0075×31,185=0,245 㠠 (3.5)
. L 20 . . . :
L..=(0,3¸0,5) d=0,3×26=7,8 젠 (3.6)
, , :
1. 4 :
X4=(L+L+L..)/(L+L)=(4000207,8)/(57+3)=66,2 . (3.7)
66 .
2. 7 :
X7=(L+L+L..)/(L+L)=(7000207,8)/(57+3)=116,2 .
116 . () :
1. 4 :
L4=LL..LL×X4=40007,82057×66=210,2 젠 (3.8)
4=(L×100)/L=210,2×100/4000=5,25%
2. 7 :
L7=LL..LL×X7=70007,82057×116=360,2 젠 (3.9)
7=(L×100)/L=360,2×100/7000=5,14%
, 7 , 4 .
:
=(L×100)/L=20×100/7000=0,285% (3.10)
:
..=L..×100/L=7,8×100/7000=0,11% (3.11)
:
..=+..+=5,14+0,11+0,285=5,535% (3.12)
:
G..=G(100+..)/100=0,245 (100+5,535)/100=0,258 㠠 (3.13)
:
..=G/G..=0,099/0,258=0,38 (3.14)
G=g×V=0,00785×12,55=0,099 㠠 (3.15)
V=pD12L1/4 + pD22L2/4=12,55 2 (3.16)
:
..=×G.. (G..G)×(/1000), (3.17)
1 , .;
1 , .
=147×20/1000=2,94 ./
=33×20/1000=0,66 ./
..=2,94×0,258 (0,2580,099) ×0,66=0,7580,159×0,66=0,65 .
2) - ().
1. I, 1.
. , , , , , . :
D1=D+2z=10+2×1,5=13 젠 (3.18)
D2=D+2z=20+2×1,2=22,4 젠 (3.19)
L1=L+2z=20+2,4=22,4 젠 (3.20)
L2=L+2z=35+2,4=37,4
:
Ø13; Ø22,4; 22,4; 37,4
:
. 3.1
:
. 3.2
:
V1=pD12L1/4=3,14×1,372×2,31/4=3,403 3 (3.21)
V2=pD22L2/4=3,14×2,312×3,81/4=15,959 3 (3.22)
:
V=V1+V2=3,403+15,959=19,362 3 (3.23)
:
G..=g×V=0,00785×19,362=0,152 㠠 (3.24)
(, ..) 10%, :
G..=G..(100+)/100=0,152×(100+10)/100=0,167 㠠 (3.25)
:
..=G/G..=0,135/0,167=0,81 (3.26)
:
..=(×G..) (G..G)×(/1000) (3.27)
1 , .;
1 , .
=638×20/1000=12,76 ./
=33×20/1000=0,66 ./
..=12,76×0,167 (0,1670,135)×0,66=2,1310,021=2,11 .
:
=(G..G..)×N=(0,2580,167)×80000=7280 㠠 (3.28)
( ) :
=(....)×N=(2,110,68)×80000=114400 . (3.29)
- , , - , , , , .
, . , , . , , 3.3, 3.4.
. :
, ;
.
. 3.3.
. 3.4
Æ21+0,4-0,5.
. , .
|
|||||||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
005
1 Æ20,5-0,21 57-0,25 2 Æ17,5-0,18 20+0,21 2 Æ15-0,18 20+0,21 2 Æ12,5-0,18 20+0,21
357-0,25 |
1 156 1886973 j=45 2 156 1887973 j=90 3 156 1887973 j=90 4 156 1887973 j=90 5 510 1887973 j=90 6 510 1888473 3 |
|||||
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
010 -
1 1
2 2 |
375578 65 1495275
|
|||||
1 2 3 |
015 I-
1 Æ11-0,043 20 2 |
18 1887973 j=90 156 1886973 j=45
|
|||||
1 2 3 |
020 II-
1 Æ20-0,02-0,072 2 |
18 1886973 j=45
|
|||||
1 2 |
025
1 |
65 396469 |
|||||
030 | |||||||
035 HRC 4045 | |||||||
1 2 3 |
040
1 Æ10,3-0,043 1 Æ10+0,024+0,015 |
244025 242483
|
|||||
045 |
|
||||||
6. -
: , : 45 105074. 259071.
Ø20. [1, . 192]. 9. , [1, . 181].
1. .
2. , 12 .
3. , 9 .
3.1. :
DSk=Dk×l, (3.29)
Dk , 1 ( ).
L .
Dk [1, . 180]
Dk=0,5 /; l=55
DSk=0,5×55=27,5 28
:
D=×D, (3.40)
D (DSk),
, [1, . 190]
D. . =0,06×28=1,68 2
D. . =0,04×28=1,12 1
e=0.
:
2Zmini=2 (Rzi-1+hi-1+Di-1+ei), (3.41)
Rzi-1 ,
hi-1 .
2Zmin...=2 (125+150+28)=606
2Zmin...=2 (63+60+2)=250
:
d..=200.072=19.928
d..=200.020=19.98
Td=dmax..-dmin..=19,9819,928=0,052
:
dmini-1=dmini+2Zmini (3.42)
dmin...=19,928+0,25=20,178
d. .=20,178+0,06=20,238
. Ø21+0,4-0.5. :
21 259071
45 1403474
3.1. . min. :
dmax= dmin+Td (3.43)
dmax...=20,2+0,21=20,41
:
2Zmaxi=dmaxi-1dmaxi (3.44)
2Zmax...=21,420,41=0,99 =990
2Zmax...=20,4119,98=0,43 =430
2Zmini=dmini-1dmini (3.45)
2Zmini...=20,520,2=0,3 =300
2Zmin...=20,219,928=0,272 =272
:
Td.Td.=2Zmax.o.2Zmin.o. (3.46)
Td.Td.=90052=848
2Zmax.o.2Zmin.o.=(990+430) (300+272)=848
3.1.
2Zmin, |
, dmin |
Td, | () , | , | |||||||
RZ |
h | D | e |
dmax |
dmin |
2Zmax |
2Zmin |
||||
Ø20-0.020-0.072 |
125 | 150 | 28 | 20.238 | 900 | 21.4 | 20.5 | ||||
, . 12 | 63 | 60 | 2 | 606 | 20.178 | 210 | 20.41 | 20.2 | 990 | 300 | |
, . 9 | 6.3 | 20 | 1 | 250 | 19.928 | 52 | 19.98 | 19.928 | 430 | 272 |
. 3.5
. , , , , , . .
:
1. - 1325
:
, | 25 |
, | 80 |
, | 70400 |
, | 80 |
, / | 803150 |
, | 6 |
: | |
, | 3980 |
, | 1000 |
, | 1555 |
, | 1400 |
2. - 2538
:
: | |
, | 1080 |
, | 2001200 |
, / | 502000 |
, / | 0,010,3 |
, | 4,4 |
: | |
, | 2000 |
, | 1050 |
, | 1255 |
, |
2200 |
3. - 1620
:
: | |
, | 400 |
, | 220 |
, , |
53 |
, | 780 |
, / | 203000 |
22 | |
: | |
, | 700 |
, | 240 |
: | |
, / | 0,021,5 |
, / | 0,011,4 |
, | 4,2 |
: | |
, | 1510 |
, | 780 |
, | 1380 |
, | 1850 |
4. 676
:
, | 250630 |
: | |
: | |
, | 400 |
, | 380 |
, | 250 |
, | 90 |
: | |
, / | 501630 |
, / | 632040 |
, , / |
13395 (.) |
, | 2,2 |
: | |
, | 1285 |
, | 1215 |
, | 1780 |
, | 910 |
5. 3110
:
: | |
, | 140 |
, | 200 |
: | |
, | 330 |
, | 525 |
: | |
, | 180 |
, | 50 |
, |
115 |
, | 250 |
, / | 1001000 |
: | |
, | 250 |
, | 25 |
: | |
, / | 1003000 |
, / | 40000 |
, / | 0,010,5 |
, | 2,2 |
: | |
, | 1880 |
, | 2025 |
, | 1750 |
, | 2000 |
. . .
005 .
1. .
2. 1 Ø21 Ø20,5 57 .
3. 2 Ø20.5 Ø17,5 20 .
4. 3 Ø17,5 Ø15 20 .
5. 4 Ø15 Ø12,5 20 .
6. 5 Ø12,5 Ø7 .
7. 6 Ø20,5 .
. , , . , , .
3.2.
3.2.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
, |
d |
21 | 20,5 | 17,5 | 15 | 12,5 | 20,5 |
, |
d |
20,5 | 17,5 | 15 | 12,5 | 7 | 0 |
, | L | 57 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 2,75 | 10,25 |
, |
t=(dd)/2 |
0,25 | 1,5 | 1,25 | 1,25 | 2,75 | 10,25 |
, / | . 11 [2, . 266] . 15 [2, c. 268] | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,08 | 0,08 |
, / | . 2 | 276 | 147 | 152 | 152 | 75 | 75 |
4183 | 2282 | 2765 | 3225 | 1910 | 1165 | ||
0,270 | 0,147 | 0,178 | 0,207 | 0,123 | 0,075 | ||
. 111 [5, c. 194] m=0,2 | 1,32 | 1,50 | 1,46 | 1,43 | 1,54 | 1,65 |
u :
(3.47)
(3.48)
3.3.
3.3.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
, | [2, c. 268] | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
u |
. 17 [2, c. 269] | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 | 47 | 47 |
x | . 17 [2, c. 269] | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | ||
y | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,80 | 0,80 | |
m | 0,20 | 0,20 | 0,20 | 0,20 | 0,20 | 0,20 | |
u |
, =1,0, nu=1 . 2 [2, c. 262] s=640 45 |
1,17 | 1,17 | 1,17 | 1,17 | 1,17 | 1,17 |
u |
. 5 [2, c. 263] | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,9 |
u |
. 6 [2, c. 263] | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,65 | 0,65 |
u |
. 18 [2, c. 271] | 1,0 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 |
u |
u=u×u×u×u |
1,053 | 0,737 | 0,737 | 0,737 | 0,479 | 0,479 |
u, / | 276 | 147 | 152 | 152 | |||
75 | 75 |
:
nk=nK (3.49)
n1k=n1K1=4183×1,32=5522
n2k=n2K2=2282×1,50=3423
n3k=n3K3=2765×1,46=4037
n4k=n4K4=3225×1,43=4612
n5k=n5K5=1910×1,54=2942
n6k=n6K6=1165×1,65=1922
W . 112 [5, c. 194] ( m=0,2=1/5)
W1=2,66×10-2; W2=2,72×10-2; W3=2,71×10-2; W4=2,68×10-2; W5=2,75×10-2; W6=3,1×10-2.
SW=16,62×10-2
112 [5, c. 194] ( m=1/5), , 16,62×10-2 13×10-2, n=1500. :
u=pdn/1000 (3.50)
u1=3,14×21×1500/1000=98,91 /
u2=3,14×20,5×1500/1000=96,55 /
u3=3,14×17,5×1500/1000=82,42 /
u4=3,14×15×1500/1000=70,65 /
u5=3,14×12,5×1500/1000=58,88 /
u6=3,14×20,5×1500/1000=96,55 /
, , . :
, (3.51)
3.4
3.4.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
|
. 22 [2, c. 273] | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 408 | 408 |
x | . 22 [2, c. 273] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.72 | 0.72 |
y | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
n | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | |
|
45, m=0,75 . 9 [2, c. 264] |
0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
|
. 23 [2, c. 275] | 1.0 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
g |
1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
l |
1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
|
|
1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
|
= ××g×l× |
0.98 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
Z, |
Z=10CptxSyun |
183.75 | 978.75 | 848.25 | 864.56 | 973.57 | 2511.52 |
, | 0.3 | 1.54 | 1.14 | 1.0 | 0.93 | 3.96 |
. - 1325 N=5,3 . ... h=0,85 :
N1..=0,3/0,85=0,35
N2..=1,54/0,85=1,81
N3..=1,14/0,85=1,34
N4..=1,18
N5..=1,1
N6..=4,66
, N>N.., .
:
(3.52)
0,195+0,108=0,3 .
T=T+ (3.53)
=..+ .+.+, (3.54)
堠 . ;
. ;
, ;
.
.=0,18 . 70 [5, c. 131]
.= ..+ =2×0,06+5×0,08=0,52 . 71 [5, c. 131]
=0,16×7=1,12 . 71 [5, c. 131]
=0.16×5=0.80 . 3.40 [3, c. 96]
, (3.54) =0,18+0,52+1,12+0,80=2,62
(3.53)
=0,3+2,62=2,92
:
=×(1+(+)/100) (3.55)
堠 , %
, %
=2,5% 45 [6, c. 226]
=4% 46 [6, c. 223]
=2,92 (1+(2,5+4)/100)=3,10
010 -
1. .
2. Ø12,5 .
3. .
4. .
5. Ø20,5
6. .
20,5 , 1,5 . 92 [5, c. 158] . . 375578 [2, c. 181] D=125 , 1=8 , Z=22 ( ) 65.
2. SZ, , . 34 [2, c. 283] SZ=0.10 . t=12,5 , 2=0,5 .
:
S=SZ×z=0,10×22=2,2 /ᠠ (3.56)
, /, :
(3.57)
39 [2, c. 286] :
u=68,5; q=0.25; x=0.3; y=0.2; u=0.1; p=0.1; m=0.2
40 [2, c. 290] .
=150 .
, ,
u×u×u (3.58)
堠 u , .
(3.59)
=1,0, nu=0.9 . 2 [2, c. 262]
s=640 45
u=1,15
u , .
u=1,0 . 5 [2, c. 263]
u rj'aabwbtyn? exbnsdf.obq vfnthbfk bycnhevtynf/
u=1,0 . 6 [2, c. 263]
, Ku=1,15×1,0×1,0=1,15
:
/
:
(3.60)
n=1000×57,12/(3,14×125)=145 /
, , :
(3.61)
41 [2, c. 291] :
=68,2; x=0.86; y=0.72; u=1,0; q=0.86; w=0;
n .
9 [2, c. 264]
(3.62)
m=0.3; s=640 45.
=(640/750)0,3=0,95
,
(3.63)
N=196,61×57,12/(1020×60)=0,183
. - - 2538 N=4,4 . ... h=0,85 :
N..=0,183/0,85=0,215
, N>N.., .
:
=(l+l1+l2)/Sm (3.64)
堠 Sm ; Sm=S×n=2,2×145=319 /
l , ; l=12,5
l1 , .
l1=11.4 87 [5, c. 155]
l2 , .
l2=3.5 87 [5, c. 155]
2=(12.5+11.4+3.5)/319=0,09
5. 2 Sz=0.1 . t=20,5 , 2=1,5 . , 2, n=145 /. u u=57,12 /.
, , (3.61). 2.
,
N=858.1×57,12/(1020×60)=0,8
... h=0,85 :
N..=0,8/0,85=0,94 ,
2538.
N>N.
:
5=(l+l1+l2)/Sm=(20.5+11.4+3.5)/319=0,11
2, Sm=319 /, l1=11,4 , l2=3,5 . l=20,5 .
3 6. . , 1495274 [7, c. 343] (d=1,6 , L=34 , l0=10 ) 18.
t=0,5d=0,8 젠 (3.65)
. 25 [2, c. 277] S=0,10 /. , 2 5, n=145 /.
u :
u=pnd/1000 (3.66)
u=3,14×145×1,6/1000=0,73 /
, .
:
3,6=2×(l+l1)/(nS) (3.67)
堠 l , ; l=d/2=0.8
l1 , ; l1=(d/2) ctgV, V , .
V=59 7 [7, c/347], l1=0,8×ctg59=0,8×0,59=0,47
3,6=2×(0,8+0,47)/(145×0,1)=0,18
-
=2+5+3,6=0,09+0,11+0,18=0,38 .
(3.53) =+.
- () (3.54)
=+.++
;
. ;
, ;
.
=0,79 . 93 [5, c. 159]
.=0,3 . 61 [5, c. 121],
=0,55×2=1,1 . 93 [5, c. 159]
=0, . . .
=0,79+0,3+1,1=2,19
(3.53)
=0,38+2,19=2,57
(3.55)
=×(1+(+)/100) (3.55)
堠 , %
, %
=3% . [5, c. 121]
=2% . [5, c. 121]
=2,57 (1+5/100)=2,7
015 I-
1. .
2. Ø12,5 Ø11 20.
3. 1,5´45
2. . , , [5, c. 127]. t=(dd)/2=0,75 .
[2, c. 268] S=0,2 /.
t S . 62 [5, c. 125] 18 u=85 /.
(3.69)
n=1000×85/(3,14×12,5)=2165 /
62 [5, c. 125] N=0,83 . ... h=0,85 N..=0,83/0,85=0,98 . - 1620 N=10 . N>N.., .
:
3,6=(l+l1+l2)/(nS) (3.70)
堠 l , ; l=20
l1 , ; l1=2 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
l2 , ; l2=2 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
2=(20+2+2)/(2165×0,2)=0,06
3. 1,5´45 Ø11 . t=1,5 . 2, S=0.2 / n=2165 /. /. 2 3, 3 .
(3.70), l=1,5 , l1=1 , l2=2 .
3=(1,5+1+2)/(2165×0,2)=0,010
I-
=2+3=0.06+0.010=0.07
(3.54)
=+..++
=0,35 . 70 [5, c. 131]
.+ =0,32 . 71 [5, c. 131]
=0,1 . 3.40 [3, c. 96].
=0,35+0,32+0,1=0,77
(3.53)
=0,07+0,77=0,84
(3.55)
=×(1+(+)/100) =0,84 (1+7/100)=0,9
堠 =3% 45 [6, c. 226]
=4% 46 [6, c. 223]
020 II-
1. .
2. Ø20,5 Ø20,0 35 .
3. 1´45.
2. . t=(d-d)/2=0,25 . [2, c. 268] S=0,2 /.
t S . 62 [5, c. 125] 18 u=85 /.
=1000×85/(3,14×20,5)=1320 /
I- II- 1620, II- .
:
2=(l+l1+l2)/(nS)
堠 l , ; l=35
l1 , ; l1=1 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
l2 , ; l2=4 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
2=(35+1+4)/(1320×0,2)=0,152
3. 1´45 Ø20 . t=1 . 2, S=0.2 / n=1320 /. u=1320×3,14×20/1000=82,9 /.
3=(l+l1+l2)/(nS)
堠 l=1
l1=1 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
l2=2 . 3.31 [3, c. 85]
3=(1+1+2)/(1320×0,2)=0,015
II-
=2+3=0,152+0,015=0,167
II- I-.
=0,77 .
=+=0,167+0,77=0,937 .
(3.55)
=×(1+(+)/100) =0,937 (1+7/100)=1,002
堠 =3% 45 [6, c. 226]
=4% 46 [6, c. 223]
025
1. .
2. 10 , 2 .
. 65 396469. . 92 [5, c. 158] . 80 [2, c. 180]
D=80 , 1=10 , Z=18
t 2 t=2 , 2=10 .
SZ, , 34 [2, c. 283]
SZ=0,07
S=SZ×Z=0,07×18=1,26 /
(3.57):
Cu . 39, . 40 [2, c. 286290]
u=68,5; q=0.25; x=0.3; y=0.2; u=0.1; p=0.1; m=0.2
=120 .
, (3.58)
u=u×u×u
堠 u , . (3.59):
=1,0, nu=0.9 . 2 [2, c. 262]
s=640 45
u=1,15
u , .
u=1,0 . 5 [2, c. 263]
u
u=1,0 . 6 [2, c. 263]
, Ku=1,15×1,0×1,0=1,15
:
/
(3.60):
n=1000×74.2/(3,14×80)=295 /
, , (3.61):
41 [2, c. 291] :
=68,2; x=0.86; y=0.72; u=1,0; q=0.86; w=0;
n .
9 [2, c. 264] (3.62)
m=0.3; s=640 45.
=(640/750)0,3=0,95
, , (3.63)
N=758,15×74,2/(1020×60)=0,92
. 676 N=2,2 . ... h=0,85 :
N..=0,92/0,85=1,08
, N>N.., .
( (3.64)):
=(l+l1+l2)/Sm
堠 Sm ; Sm=S×n=1,26×295=371,7 /
l , ; l=2
l1 , .
l1=13.3 87 [5, c. 155]
l2 , .
l2=3 87 [5, c. 155]
=(2+13.3+3)/371,7=0,049
=++
;
, ;
.
=0,57 . 93 [5, c. 159];
=0,20 . 93 [5, c. 159];
=0,10 . 3.40 [3, c. 96];
=0,57+0,20+0,10=0,87
=+=0,049+0,87=0,919
(3.55)
=×(1+(+)/100) =0,919 (1+6.5/100)=0,979
堠 =2.5% 45 [6, c. 226]
=4% 46 [6, c. 223]
040
1. .
2. Ø11 Ø10,3 20 .
3. Ø10,3 Ø10 20 .
3110.
. 244025 242483 D=200 , =25 . .
2. . . 55 [2, c. 301].
:
t=0,04 ;
u=30 /;
u=35 /;
Sp=0,040 /
n=1000×u/(p×d)=35×1000/(3,14×11)=1015 /
n=1000×30/(3,14×11)=868 /
[7, c. 302]
, (3.71)
堠 h ,
t ,
n
, ( 1,21,4, 1,31,7)
h=0.35 ; t=0,04 ; n=1015 /; =1,3
2=0,35×1,3/(0,04×1015)=0,011
3. . . 55 [2, c. 301]. :
t=0,002 ;
u=30 /;
u=20 /;
Sp=0,002 /
n=1000×u/(p×d)=20×1000/(3,14×10)=637 /
n=1000×30/(3,14×10)=955 /
(3.71)
,
h=0.15 ; t=0,002 ; n=637 /; =1,5
3=0,15×1,5/(0,002×637)=0,177
=2+3=0,011+0,177=0,188
=++
=0,62 . 109 [5, c. 187];
=0,37 . 109 [5, c. 187] , ;
=0,16 . 109 [5, c. 187];
=0,62+0,37+0,16=1,15
=+=0,188+1,15=1,338
(3.55)
=×(1+(+)/100) =1,338 (1+7/100)=1,432
堠 =3% 45 [6, c. 226]
=4% 46 [6, c. 223]
. , ,
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