,,,
. ..
4.407.151001.05.1.21
2008
, , , . .
, .. , . , . . . , .
. .
:
1. . ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ( )
7.
8.
9. , .
1.
1.1
, , , , , , . 63 =40 . : I II . . Z=8. W=35400. , . . .
, : jn=150, j=120; , α=140; α1=80.
( ) Ø6380 0,03 .
65 1926573.
12 63 9373 60 05 186570 HRC6265. d , 1012. 941270. 930469. 169567.
1.2
. , , , .
, - . .
:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) , , .
, .
2.
2.1
, .
, , . . . , ( , , ..). .
2.2
- .
, . , .
:
1.
2. -
3.
4.
5. ( )
6. (, , ..)
, , , ; ; , , , , ; , , , , ,
(), , ..; , ; .
, , . , , , .
2.3
, . . . , , .
, , .
, , ; . , ; , , .
. , . , , . . . , . .
2.4
005 .
. - -332
. 1219466, 874275
. 1
. 0400325. 1650 231.
242475; -1 16680
010 .
. -132
. 1,2,3
015
.
. .
020
.
.
025
. - 1620
. 267580; 3. 110781
. 1
. 1625140 156 17883; -I 16683.
030
- 16201
. 267580
035
. 682
.
. 1, 2, 3
. 375578;
-I 16683
040
. - 1620
. 3. 110781;
1. 1
2. 2
. 1625140; 15 6; 1887973
045
. 612
050
. 612
. 3.110781;
. 1, 2, 3
. 65 203552676; 537888
055
. ; .
. .
060
. 3228
065
. - 3642
. 874275
. 1
. 12520 3416291 242475
070
. - 3642.
. 874275
. 1
. 3416 291 242475
075
. - 3642
. 874275
. 1
. 3416 291 242475
080
. - 3642
. 874275
. 1
. 3416 291 242475
085
. 3722
. 874275; 3.110781
. 1
. 3416 291 242473
090
. 3722
. 3.110781; 3.110781
. 1
. 60025205 338 261 242483
095
100
2.5
2Z.=2Z8+2Z17;
2Z8=2Z+2Z+2Z;
2Z=2Z+2Z+2Z+2Z17;
2Z..=30%*2Z=30%*2Z8;
2Z.=2*(0,8+0,3)=2,2 [1, . 7, m. 3]
2Z=2*0,55=1,1 [1, . 31, m 29]
2Z.=2*40*0,5\1000=0,04
2Z8=2,2+1,1+0,04=3,34
2Z..=30%*2Z.8
2Z.=0,3*3,34=1,002
2Z=3,341,002=2,338
2Z=2Z8+2Z17;
2Z17=0,90,5=0,4 [1, m. 9, . 8]
.
2Z.=3+0,002[1, . 19, m. 15]
2Z.=0,2 [1, C.28, m. 27]
2Z..=1
2Z.=1,8
Z13=0,4÷0,6~0,5 [1, C.26, m. 29]
. | 2Z | h | Ra | |
17 | 0,4 | 8 | 0,63 | |
8a | . - | 1,0 | 12 | 6,3 |
8 | . - | 2,3 | 14 | 12,5 |
1. A17=63-0,046; h8; √ Ra 0,63
2. A8a min = A17+2Z17=63+0,4=63,4
A8a max =A8 min +Tdh12=63,4+0,3=63,7
A8a =ø63,7-0,3; h12; √ Ra 6,3
3. A min = A8a max+2Z=63,7+1,002=64,702
A max = A8a min+Tdh14=64,702+0,74=65,442
A8 = ø65,442-0,74; h14; √ Ra 12,5
.
. min= A8 . +2Z8 =65,442+2,338=67,78
. max= . min+2Z8 +Td=67,78+1,0=68,78
.=70+0,3-1,0( 750583)
.
2Zmax= . max 8 min=70,364,702=5,59
2Zmin= . min 8 max=6965,442=3,558
1. L.=L+5 =40+5=45
2.
=3,14 (70+1,3/2)2/4
3. ,
L/=45/70=0,6=>.=(40÷45)3√=43∙3√1,519=49,4; .=ø 50+0,2-0,9
4. 100
.=
5.
L.=
: L./.=93,5/50=1,87<2,5
6. .
ma.=Vaρ·10-9 ()
V = V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
;
;
;
=(63 27) / 2 = 18;
V5=SΔ·l=0,5·a·h· l=0,5·9·10·40=18003
V=124. 626,618. 312,483. 124,812. 589,891800=88. 799,493
ma.=Vaρ·10-9 =88. 799,49·8100· 10-9=0,719 .
7.
2.6 () 5
025 .
1- -
1620
Ø22
1 . Ø27 , . 7 : 1312 . [. 5]
1.
T=2
2.
Som=0,95; Vm=17,3; Pm=3430; Nm=1,77 [. 47, .1, 130]
SM=0,85 [1, . 53, .1, 143]
S0=0,950,85=0,8 /.
.
V=VmKVm KV3 KV KVm KVw KVu KVc
KVM= 0,85; KV3=1,0; KV=1,0; KV=1,0; KVw=1,0; KVu=1,0;
KVl=1,0.
V=17,30,85111111=14,7 /
3.
4.
S=S0n=0,8208=166,4 /
=180 -1;
S=169 /; S=0,8 /
5. .
6.
N=
KNM=KPM=0,85
7. N=4;η=0,81
P=4035H, .
8.
9.
L1=5; L2=5; L3=5 [1, - 23, . 329]
2- .
1.
T=0,8 [1, . 2, . 4, 37]
2.
S=0,22 / [1, . 6, . 1, . 46]
3. :
=45 [1, - 13, . 2, . 317]
Sm=1; Sy=0,8; Sr=1; Sk=0,8; S4k=1 [1, . 8, . 1, . 4849],
S=0,220,80,8=0,14 /
4.
Vm=327 / [1, . 22, . 81]
KVc=1; KV0=1; KVj=0,75; KVM=1; KVφ=1; KVm=0,8; KV=0,75
Vm=327·0,75·0,8·0,75·1·1·1·1=147,15 /
5.
16201 n= 630 -1
6.
7.
N=5,1 [] [1, . 21, . 1, . 73]
8.
N=N·η=10·0,75=[]
9.
10.
Lp=l+l1+l2;
l1+l2=2 [1, = 22, . 328]
Lp=45+2=47
3- - .
14 -119 . .
[1, . 1, . 2]
1.
t=1
2.
S=0,49 /. [. 4, . 2, . 41]
KS1=0,8; KSp1=1,05; KS=1; KSm=0,9; KSy=1,2; KS=1; KS4=1; KSj=0,75; KSt=0,8
S=0,49·0,8·1,05·1·1·0,9·1,2·1·1·1,75·0,8=0,26 /
3.
V=66 / [1, . 30, . 2, . 94]
KVN=0,3; KV=1,00; KV=0,8; KV=1,0; KV=1,0; KV=1,0; KV=0,9;
V=66·0,3·1·0,8·1·1·1·0,9=14,2 /
4.
n=200 -1
5. .
6.
N=6,3
7.
Lp.x =l+l1+l2; l1+l2=5
Lp.x =21+5=26
4-
15 -119 - .
1.
t=1,3
2.
S=0,49 / [1, . 4, . 2, . 41]
KSH1=0,8; KSp1=1,05; KS=1; KSh=1; KS=0,9; KSy=1,2; KSn=1; KSφ=1; KSj=075; KSt=0,8.
S=0,49·0,8·1,05·1·1·0,9·1,2·1·1·0,75·0,8=0,26 /
3.
V=54 /
.
KV=0,3; KV=1; KV=0,8; KV=0,8; KV=1; KV=1; KV=0,9
V=54·0,3·1·0,8·0,8·1·1·0,9=9 /
4. .
=71 -1
5. .
6.
7.
N=6,3
8. .
Lp.=l+l1+l2; l1+l2=1+5=6 .
Lp.=18+6=24
5- - .
10 79 [1, . 1, . 2, . 122] Ø277 (+0,02)
1. .
T=0,06
2. .
S=0,97 / [1, . 53, . 1, . 143]
. SM=0,85.
S=0,970,85111111=7,39 /.
3. .
VT=8,7 [1, . 49, . 1, . 134]
KV=0,85; KV=1; KV=1; KV=1; KVw=1; KVn=1; KVl=1.
V=8,70,85111111=7,39 /
4.
5.
S= S0 =0,889=71,2 /
S=63 /.
6.
7.
[1, - 23, . 329]
045
1. . =60 ; Z=20; B=20 ; t=9 ; SZ=0,060,04 [1, . 194, . 333]; V=33 /; n=175 [1, . 196, . 335]; SM=173
Knv= Knn= KnSM=0,6; Knv= Knn= KnSM=1; Kφv= Kφn= KφSM=1,05, φ=450; Kv= Kn= KSM=0,8
VH=33·0,6·1·1,05·1,12·0,8=18,6 /;
n=175·0,6·1·1,05·1,12·0,8=99 -1;
SM=173·0,6·1·1,05·1,12·0,8=97 /
:
n=100 -1; SM=100 /
2. .
V=
3. 1 .
SZ=
.
4. , , 1,2 [2, . 197, . 337]
5. .. .
N=7,5 .. η=0,8, N .
N= N·η=7,5·0,8=6 , .. , => .
6. .
t= Lp/Sm*i
Lp.=l+l1+l2; l1=25 [3, - 4, . 5, . 373]
L2=0
Lp.=40+25=65 ; i=Z=8
t0=65*8/100=5,2
060. .
3228. . L=40 ; Ra0,63.
1. .
VK=3035 / [1, . 301, . 55]
3228 =0,9 ()=0,927=24,3 ; =13.000 -1
VK=3,14*24,3*13000/1000*60=16,5 /, VK =17 /
2. .
V=2040 / [1, . 55, 301]
V=30 /
3.
=1000*Vd/πD=1000*30/3,14*27=354 1
4. .
St=0,00250,01 /, St=0,006 /.
5. .
S0= S (/); S=(0,250,4) [1, . 55, . 301]
S=0,3; =32 [2, . 6]
S0=0,332=9,6 /
6.
S.=Sa* πD/1000=9,6*354/1000=3,4 /
7. , .
N=CNV3rtxSydq
CN=0,36; r=0,35; x=0,4; y=0,4; q=0,3 [1, . 56]
N=0,36300,350,0060,49,60,4270,3=1,0 .
N= 5,5
8. , .
N= Nη=5,5·0,85=4,6
N< N
1,0<4,6, ..
9. .
0=(L/ πd*S0*St) * K
, 0,5 =0,517=8,5 , L=l=B3=40 .
0=0,68
065 .
431
-1612
-3-1
5
VK-20÷25 /
S=2÷3 /
St=0,020,04 /. .
125
, =15
1.
n=1000V/ πD=3057 -1
2. .
0=2 (l+l1+l2)/S*1000 * K* z ()
l1=42,12 ; l2=3÷5, l2=4 .
h=0,5 ; =1,21,5
0=13,7
2.7
025 .
1.
0=0,375+0,5+0,5+0,325+1,1=2,8
2. .
2.1
t1=0,32 [. 6, . 1, . 57]
2.2 ,
t2=0,32+0,04+0,31+0,15+0,19+0,03=1,04 [. 14, . 79]
2.3 .
t=0,10 [. 15, . 147, . 5, . 84]
t=0,13 [. 15, . 184, . 7, . 86]
t=0,24 [. 15, . 228, . 8, . 87]
t=0,11 [. 15, . 16, . 2, . 81]
t0=0,10+0,13+0,24+0,11=0,58
.
t.=0,32+1,04+0,58=1,94 .
3. .
.= t0+ t=2,8+1,94=4,74
4. 8% .
.=0,084,74=0,379 [. 16, . 90]
5. 2,0% .[. 18, . 93]
t=0,024,74=0,0948 .
6. .
.= t+ t+ t=4,74+0,379+0,0948=5,2
7. - .
.=4 ; .=9 ; .=2,5 ; .=0,2 ; .=1 ; .=1 ; .=1,5 ; .=0,4 ; .=5 ; .=2 .
.=4+9+2,5+0,2+1+1+1,5+0,4+5+2=27,6
8. - .
-= +/ π=5,476
045
1. 0=5,2
2. .
2.1
t1=0,37 [. 7, . 8, . 40]
2.2 ,
t2=0,18
t2=0,048=0,32
t2=0,18 [. 31, . 2, . 108]
t.=0,18+0,32+0,18=0,68
2.3
t4=0,23 [. 86, . 1, . 185]
t.=0,37+0,68+0,23=1,28
3. .
.= t0+ t=5,2+1,28=6,48 .
4. 3,5% . [. 32, . 109]
t=0,0356,48=0,2268
5. 4% .
t=0,046,48=0,2592 .
6.
= t+ t+ t=6,48+0,2268+0,2592=6,96
7. .
t.=22 [. 32, . 5, . 110]
t.=7 [. 32, . 24]
.=22+7=29
8. -
-= + / π=7,25
060
1. 0=0,68
2. .
2.1 .
t1=0,25 [3, . 47, . 2, . 132]
2.2 , .
t2=1,5 [3, . 47, . 19, . 132]
t2=0,22 [3, . 86, . 75, . 188]
.
t.=0,25+1,5+0,22=1,97
3. .
.=0,68+1,97=2,65 .
4. 4%
t=0,042,65=0,106 .
5. .
.=0,1061+0,106+2,65=2,86
6. .
t.=12 [3, . 46, . 131, . 1]
t.=7,0 [3, . 46, . 131, . 8]
.=19
7. -
-=2,86+19/100=3,05
065
1. 0=13,7 .
2. .
2.1
t1=0,26 [. 7, . 1, . 40]
2.2 ,
t2=0,65 [. 82, . 2]
2.3 .
t3=0,26 [. 86, . 1, . 185]
t.=0,26+0,65+0,26=1,17
3. .
.=13,7+1,17=14,87 .
4. 10% .
t.=14,870,1=1,48 .
4%
t=0,0414,87=0,59
6.
=14,87+1,48+0,59=16,94 .
7. .
.=27
8. -
-=16,94+27/100=17,21
3.
3.1
, (),
, . , . , , .
, , , .
Ø277 (+0,02).
1. - =27 7. 2534782 ; +21 0. ,
max=27,021 ;
min=27,000 .
2485381 I7:
=0,004; =0,003, Z=0,003.
-.
max=Dmin+Z+H\2=27,000+0,003=0,002=27,005 .
, , =0,004 27,0050,004
:
27,005
27,001
=0,003
.=Dmin-y=27,0010,003=26,998
-.
max=Dmax+H/2=27,021+0,002=27,023
, , 27,023-0,004
:
27,023
27,019
3.2
.
.
I .
.
:
∑ ε=ʷ ε+ ε+ ε-+[ε]-; [], =0,8÷0,85 ;
ε- ;
ε , ;
ε- ;
[ε]- .
ε='ω,
'=0,6÷0,8
ω []
11 . 12=0,11
ε=0,8·0,11=0,088
ε=0 [
ε=0,09 [
[ε]-=0,
∑ ε=0,85·0+0,009+0,088=0,178
=0,43, ∑ ε=0,178 , , :
∑ ε≤Td (TD)
0,178≤0,43 ( 14 .)
II .
W= KF/ff=0,1÷0,15
Rl-F(l1+l2)=0;
Rl-F1l1-F2l2=0
. - .
Sz=0,51,2 /[
=68,2; =0,86; =0,72; q=0,86; W=0 [
375578 D=63 ; =12 ; d=22 ; Z=16 [
=
=
=0 1 2 3 4 5=1,511,91,211=3,42
0=1,5; 1 =1; 2=1,9; 3=1,2; 4 =15=1
W=395,581 H
.
:
1. ;
2. : , , , ;
3. .
1. -. 2- . 2. . . 4- , . . . , 1985,496 ., ;
2. , . II ;
3. , . I. .
4. . : . . 2- ., . . . . ., 1986 . - 239 ., .;
5. .. 2- ., . . .: , 1982. 256 ., ;
6. 6 . . ., , 1975. 272 . .
7. . .
8. 1. .
. ..
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