,,,
: .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
. . . . 11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.
1.
( ) . . , , , (, ), , .
( ). , , , .
.
, ( ): ( ), ( ), (), ( ).
: (t) ;
i- (t);
xi(tj) (t), (i- j- . (t), xi (tj) .
.1 , t.
: , , . . , , . . . , , , , .
xi (t), i=1, 2, ..., , , ..
N
[X (t)]=lim 1/N g[xi(t)], (1)
N i =1
g [Xi (t)] , . , , g [Xi (t)]= xi (t). , .
k- xk (t)
T
[X(t)]= lim 1/T g[xi(t)]dt. (2)
T
T
M [X (t)]= lim 1/T xk (t) dt. (3)
T 0
(1) (2) . (1) , . (2) , .
, . , , ; , .
, , ( ), ( ). , ( ), ( ). ( ), : , , , .
.
, , , , .
, , :
* [X (t)]= KSdg [X (t)]; (4)
* [X (t)]= Sd Kg [X (t)]; (5)
* [X (t)]= Sd gK [X (t)]; (6)
Sd ; ʗ ;
* [X (t)] [X (t)].
. () [. (4)], g, [. (5)] , , [. (6)]. . 2.
, , (4) (6), . , g , , ; Sd ( ); ʗ ( ), ̗, (., g., x.)
. 2, : {xi (t)} ( xi, (t)-, g {g[xi (t)]}; Sd {g[xi (t)]}, , , *[X(t)].
, , . 2, , , {g [xi (t)]} , , go; {g* [xi (ti)]} . Sd * [X (t)].
(. 2, ) (t), g . - () (). , g Sd,
* [X(t)]=*[X(t)]- [ X(t)]. (7)
, , . (7) , , . , .
2.
, , .
. , , , . . 3 ,
t
M* [X (t)]= 1/T xk (t) dt.
t-T
ė (); , ; ; , ;
(, );
ϗ ( ).
e , ,
:
1/2
=[2D[X(t)] k/T]
M
T
1/2
=[D[X(t)]/N]
M
N. D[X (t)] X(t), k . . ,
T 2
D[X(t)]= lim 1/T [xk (t)-[X(t)]] dt
T 0
N 2
D[X(t)]= lim 1/N [xi(t)-[X(t)]] dt
N i=1
. . 4 , . .
t t 2
D* [X(t)]=1/T [xk (t)- 1/T1 xk (t)dt] dt
t-T t-T1
; 1 2 ; ӗ ; ӗ ; ; ; .
- (t)
2 1/2
=[2D[X (t)] k/T]
M
, D[X2 (t)] (t); T .
N
2 1/2
=[D[X (t)] /N]
D
3.
F (X) , , . . Xi (ti) X. F (X) :
F (X)= lim Sd [ [x (t) ,X]],
d
1 x (t) X
[x(t) ,X]=
0 x (t) > X
F (X) w (X)
w (X) =(dF (X))/dX ; F (X)= w (X) dX
-
w (X) = lim ((F(X+X)-F (X))/X)= lim ((Sd [[x(t) ,X]])/X)
X X
1 X < x (t) X+X
[x(t) ,X]=
0 x (t) X, x (t) > X+X
. ,
t
F* (X)=1/T [xk(t) ,X]dt ,
t-T
. 5, , X k (t}X; ӗ ; ȗ, F* (X) ; ;
; .
- F {X)
2 1/2
=[2(F - F ) k/T]
F
2 1/2
=[2(F - F )/N]
F
. (X) :
2 1/2
=[2(w - w X) k/T]
w
2 1/2
=[(w - w X)/N]
w
F w X.
4.
:
Rx (s,) = lim Sd[xi (t) xi-s (t-)],
d
s .
, . . , . ,
t
Rx () = lim 1/T x (t) x (t-)dt,
T 0
.
, , . 6. :
t
R*x () = 1/T xk (t) xk (t-)dt,
t-T
, , , . , .
, (t), :
1/2
={2D[xk (t) xk (t-)] k/T}
R
1/2
={D[xk (t) xk (t-)]/N}
R
.
5.
, :
2
Sx(w) = lim 1/T xiT (w)
T
t -jwt’
XiT (w) = xi (t’) e dt’
t-T
. 7 (t).
i- xi (t) , , . .
. 790, 7016, 6-4/, 36 37, 4326, 4327, 7058 . , , . 256 4096 . 5 %.
, , . . , (, .).
. . , , , , .
:
1. . ..\.: ,1986.
2., . . ..
.: , 1986.
3. . . . \ .: , 1996.
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