. , , ,

,,,

,

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

2

2.1

2.2

2.3 - Bioshell

2.4

2.5

2.6 ()

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

3 ,

3.1

3.2

3.3

4

4.1 ,

4.2

4.3

5

5.1

5.2 ,

5.3 ,

5.4

5.5

6

6.1 , ( )

6.2 ,


GPX () -

-

- -

-

- -

-


- . - [1].

. - . [2].

.. , , [3]. .. .. [4]. [2].

GPX. , [5, 6, 7].

, . , , .

: .

:

1. , .

2. :

- ;

- ;

- .

3. .

4. .

5. , .

, . . : . , , , , .

, . . . .

, . , 2 . , 1 . , . .

4. , , , , .


1

1.1

. , , . , 2% , 20-25% . . , (), , , .. , . , [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].

. , , . ( ) ( , ..). 4 : , , [13, 14, 15].

. .

, [15, 16, 17, 18]. , . , . [19, 20].

. , , [9]. . , , [21, 22, 23, 24].

. . , . . [25].

, - . [26, 27, 28, 29] . , . [30] . [31]. (, , ), [32].

[33] . [34]. .. [13, 26, 35, 36, 37].

(). .

, ( , , ), . . [38, 39].

. + ( +- ). , ( 100-500 ). , 2+-, 2+ , .

, . , - . 5 : , , , , . 2 [40, 41].

. , , , . , , - (). (Na+ l-) . , , - G-, , Ca2+ - + - , ( ) . : ( ), , .

. . , . . , , , , , , , . . , . , Ca2+ ( ) [1, 41].

(), N- . , .

- (). , ( ), Cl-. -

. , . [36, 37, 38, 38, 40, 42, 43].

, -, . - 3 , , + - 2+. - ( N-) . . . .

. . , [38, 41, 43].

3 , . 1- 2+ , , , [43, 44, 45].

: () . , . - . , . , [38].

2+ ( α1-) ( β-). , , .

α2- 2+ , . , α2- . , . .

: , . , , , , , . , . [39].

, . (NO), , NMDA-, d-, , NMDA- [36, 37, 38, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46].

,

( - ). [26, 36].

. - , , . - , , , , , , , .

, , . 2 [27, 32, 47].

2 , + 2. 2 . , 2 . 2 +, . , , . , - . 2 , 2. , [44, 48, 49], , .

, 2 [29, 45, 46]. 2 [21, 24, 47]. , [48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. [53, 54].

2. , [55, 11, 44, 18]. , , [48, 56].

[53, 57].

+ + [58, 44, 53, 59, 60]. [44] , 2+ , 2+ . 2+ , . 2+ : , [61].

, , [25, 62, 63]. , [64], [65, 66].

.

, . [67], . . , .

, 2 : 1 , , ; 2 , [68]. . [69].

, [22, 70, 71, 72, 73]. [11, 23, 56, 74] - . [11, 75, 76, 77]. b- [73, 78]. a- b- . , [11, 21]. - . , , [11, 79].

20% 25% . , , , . , 1-3 , 4-6 . 4-6 . . , , . , , , . 4-6 (, , ). , 65 .. [80]

1.2

. , , , , , . , , .

4 , . , , , . , , [81, 82, 83].

, .

. , , , [83].

, , (GPX) 115-120 /, 120 /, , 50 /. 62 / , 145 / [81, 84, 85].

. [86].

(). , , , , [87, 88].

, , -, - , [89]. 12 , [90].

- GPX1 (cCPX) , - , .

- GPX2 (CPX-I)

- GPX3 (CPX) GPX GPX , , , , CPX , cCPX, .

- GPX4 (CPX) , , , . , , , [91].

- ID 3 , . , , . , 2 [87].

- ID1 , . , , .

- ID2

- ID3 , , , . [92].

- TR NADPH .

- SPS2 , - .

- SelP , . . .

- W (SelW) , . - , .

, 20 100 [93].

- , [81].

, , Sec-β- [94, 95]. . () (GSH) [96]. (SPS), [97, 98]. [99]. , . , . , , [100, 101].

, , 1 [102]. . , GSH [103], γ- . [103], , . , , [104].

, , . [99]

M. Wenzel . (1971) . , 100 , 50 , 32 28 .

GPX-GI 10 , cGPX 24 3 [105].

, . pGPX 50 [106].

, , [107].

PHGPX, G [108].

. , , 75Se , [McMurray C.H., Davidson W., 1974]. 1-2 50-70% . in vitro . , 4 . 15-20 , , [81, 109].

[Wright P.L., Bell M.C., 1963; K.J., Hidiroglou M. 1972; Sandholm., 1975]. . . , , , . , , -, , (HbSSG). [109].

. , , [110].

, ( ). , . [100].

, 24 [101], , .. . 40-50% , 60%. 0,9 / ( ) 3900 / () [111].

, , . , , . , , , [112].

100 800 /. , 80-90% .

400 / [81, 113].

. ( ) , [81]. . , , , . .. (1972), . - . , , , , . , . , Na+, +-, , [114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119].

5 11000 35-59 , 252 131 - . 52 /, 55 /. 80- , 0,4 / 7 , 0,4-0,6 / 3 [120].

, , 62 /. 68 /. 45 / 3.2 [121].

, [122].

, () , , . . , - , , , - [81, 123].

, . [124, 125].

. : , , , , ..

. : , , , [125].

- [114, 127].

. , [115].

50 200 /. : , , 19 14 / [117].

, GPX . 40 / [117]. 70 55 [127, 138].

, , 120 /, GPX [85].

( ) 853 / 55 . (3) 5 1 , 350 / 70 [85, 111, 116, 128].

1.3

. . : , , , , , [129, 130, 131, 132], [134], [135], [136, 137] . . . , .. , .. . , , , . , . , . , . , (ROOH) 22 (R) . , . , :

22 + 2GSH → H2O + GSSG

ROOH + 2GSH → ROH + H2O + GSSG

, , , . [81].

[ .., 1986]. , (120 ). 30 / . α- 50 / . 2 , 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 . , (4,52% 31,7% , <0,001). , . . . , , .. - . 30- , , , - .

, - . , , .

30- .. . , . . α- . . , . , , α-, , , , , l4, [4, 138, 139].

.. , , [3]. .. .. [4]. .. .. -- . (). . , --, 1 / , 125 /, . -- , . [140].

. , 2 [141].

. , 700 6 [142]. , . , , . 600 / ( 50% ) 100 / [143].

, [144].

.. , 5, 6, 5 . , . - , [139, 145, 146, 147]. .. [148].

, . , [81, 149]. , - , , -. , [150, 151, 152].

. . 1-2 . . , , . , , , 3-4 [153, 154, 155, 156].

, , . [81, 156, 157, 158].

. . , , , , - , [129, 130, 131, 132].

, 100 /. . CCl4 , 1,5 , 3 , , [159].

. . , . , , , , , , [160]. . [161, 162]. , , [163, 164, 165].

. 20 [166, 167], , . , . , - , , , , . , 35%. , 65% [168, 169, 170].

, , (1,63 /) 2 , ( 1,72 /) [171, 171].

, - . . [173, 174].

GPX. , . , , . , , , [81].

. , , , , Se. , Sec, [81, 172].

β- , -, , [175].

, . , . 2,5 / 45% , 24% . , - . [81, 172].

.. (1964-1969) , . , 100 / , 100/. . , 1 700-1000 . , Se . . , 1% (300-400 / 100 ), 500 250000 α- [176, 177].

. . , [177, 178, 179, 180, 181].

. H2Se , , . [182].

. , [183, 184]. , [185, 186].

, [187, 188]. , , , , . [189].

, . , [81].

. , , , [190]. , , , [153, 191].

, , . .

. , , 35-38% (<0,05), 200%. (<0,05) .

( , , ..), , (, ). . , , , .. [81].

, , , . , , , , , , . , .

.


2

 

2.1

20-25 . 14 . . 14 , , [192].

.. [193].

2.2

, .

. , , .

. [10, 30, 59, 194, 195].


2.3 - Bioshell

. 24 ( 300 /, ) [196]. . SP-01 () Bioshell IBM AT 486 Pentium-133 [197]. :

-

- .

2.4

. " " , , .

80 , 20 , 8 . , . 3 ( ), (- ), (), (, ) [192, 198, 199, 200, 201].


2.5

. 4 , 3 /. [192, 202].

2.6 ()

. . , , 60 60 , (1515), .

(88). , . , , .

(40 ), 1 , 0,5 . , 30 . 24 , . , (40 ), 12 1 , 5 . . , ( ) , , , .. [192, 203].

2.7

, , .

(.. ) . ( 2 ) ( ) 750 3. () [202].

. , , 300 / . 3 [192].

- . , , , , .

, .

. 2,0 , . , , [204].

 

2.8

10-12 . 40 .. [10, 30, 59, 194, 195].

2.9

236 200 -250 154 20-25 . : , .

, . (0,9% ).

 

2.10

. , , , . [192]. <0,05, <0,01 .


3 ,

90 20 22 48 200 250 . . SP-01 () Bioshell. 30, 50, 100 / .

3.1

, LD50 . (90 ) 20-22 , 0,5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 /. 7 , , . (10 ) .

LD50 :

LD50 = LD100 Σ (Z*D)/m,


Σ .

Z ;

D ;

m ;

, .

1 2.

1

/ Z D Z*D
1 6 0 - - -
2 6 0 0 1 0
3 6 2 1 1 1
4 6 3 3.5 1 3.5
5 6 3 4.5 1 4.5
6 6 5 5.5 1 5.5
7 6 5 7.5 1 7.5
8 6 6 8 1 8

LD50 :

LD50 = 8 (1,0+3,5+4,5+5,5+7,5+8,0) / 6 = 3 /

, . LD50 3 /.


2 -

/ Z D Z*D
1 6 0 - - -
2 6 0 0 1 0
3 6 0 0 1 0
4 6 2 1 1 1
5 6 4 4 1 4
6 6 4 6 1 6
7 6 5 6.5 1 6.5
8 6 6 8 1 8

LD50 :

LD50 = 8 (1,0+4,0+6,0+6,5+8,0) / 6 = 3,75 /

, . LD50 3,75/.

3.2

40 , , 200,0-230,0 . 300 /. , , 100, 50 30 /. . .

30 / (6 ) . , 5 25%, 15 - 41,2% . 60 53,715,8% ( 3).

3 - () 30 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/100/

153,066,3

%
5 -25,019,4*
15 -41,217,1*
30 -46,010,6*
45 -52,113,7*
60 -53,715,8*

- , * ≤0,05

50 / (6 ), . 5 28,113,1%, 41,310,5% ( 4).


4 - () 50 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/100/ 114,430,4

%
5 -28,113,1*
15 -28,413,7
30 -25,324,6
45 -32,08,1*
60 -41,310,5*

- , * ≤0,05

100 / (8 ) , 30 50 /. , ( 6-14%). 60 20,512,7% ( 5).

5 - () 100 /, (Mm, n=8, D%)

/100/

184,659,6

%
5 -6,64,6*
15 -13,46,6*
30 -16,215,9
45 -22,011,1*
60 -20,512,7*

- , * ≤0,05

1.


1 - 30 /, 50 /, 100 /

- , * ≤0,05

;

30 / (6 ) . , 5 18,3%, . . 30 39,8%. 45 . 38,6%. 60 39,9% ( 6).


6 - () 30 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/100/

149,927,1

%
5 -18,317,3*
15 -24,310,9*
30 -39,89,8*
45 -38,615,3*
60 -39,922,2*

- , * ≤0,05

50 / . 45 , 38,2% ( 7).

7 - () 50 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/100/

86,719,1

%
5 -14,622,4
15 -29,521,2
30 -32,127,2
45 -38,221,5*
60 -39,827,5

- , * ≤0,05

100 / (8 ) , , 30 50 /. , 5 24,018,3%. 15 , 30,7% . ( 8).

8 - () 100 /, (Mm, n=8, D%)

/100/

101,222,3

%
5 -24,018,3*
15 -30,717,1*
30 -29,113,2*
45 -25,417,3*
60 -27,415,0*

- , * ≤0,05

2.


- , * - ≤0,05

;

2 - 30/, 50 /, 100 /

3.3

, , , , . . .

12 , 220 - 250. 24 - 48 (300 /, ) . SP-01 () Bioshell 1.00 IBM AT 486 [202]. 60 . , 100 /, .

100 / (6 ) . , 6%, - 6%.

3 9, 10.



- , * - ≤0,05

;

3 (100 /) (Mm, n=6, D%)

9 - 100 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

. . . 108,713,6
%
5 1,26,7 110,018,6
10 0,05,7 108,724,1
15 -1,15,9 107,527,6
20 -2,37,1 106,221,1
25 -4,26,9 104,220,7
30 -4,07,3 104,324,2
35 -2,87,6 105,730,1
40 -3,49,5 105,026,8
45 -5,110,8 103,220,1
50 -6,011,6 102,222,9
55 -7,111,6 101,018,1
60 -6,013,8 102,218,5

- , *- ≤0,05

10 - 100 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

. . . 92,020,8
%
5 6,019,1 97,518,6
10 3,825,2 95,524,1
15 4,028,9 95,727,6
20 5,421,7 97,021,1
25 7,220,9 98,720,7
30 0,426,2 92,324,2
35 0,532,6 92,530,1
40 -4,230,4 88,226,8
45 4,021,0 95,720,1
50 1,324,6 93,222,9
55 8,918,0 100,218,1
60 6,319,0 97,818,5

- , * - ≤0,05

100 / (6 ) . , 6%.

11, 12.

11 - 100 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/ 392,339,5
%
5 2,111,2 400,545,0
10 2,611,0 402,344,1
15 1,310,6 397,542,1
20 5,710,3 414,742,8
25 4,69,8 410,540,4
30 6,111,1 416,246,0
35 5,110,9 412,344,9
40 3,310,4 405,242,2
45 4,39,9 409,040,4
50 4,010,2 408,241,7
55 5,09,2 411,837,8
60 2,810,6 403,342,7

- , * - ≤0,05

12 - 100 /, (Mm, n=6, D%)

/ 363,052,3
%
5 4,511,9 379,545,1
10 6,912,6 388,049,1
15 8,210,1 392,839,7
20 5,76,6 383,825,3
25 11,012,6 402,850,8
30 5,615,9 383,360,9
35 0,418,7 364,568,2
40 2,215,2 370,856,2
45 5,913,4 384,351,3
50 4,011,8 377,744,4
55 3,95,7 377,221,5
60 6,17,4 385,028,7

- , * - ≤0,05

3:

1. , .. .

2. .. .

3. 30 /, 50 / 100 / . .

4. 100 /.


4

. . , . , , , . -, , .

4.1 ,

18 200 250 . 50 - 60 100 /. , , . . 3- ( ), - ( ) ( , ).

2, 4 7 . . - 13 15.


13

()

-

-

-

2 16,0 1,6 6,8 1,2 3,7 1,4 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,3
4 13,5 2,4 4,3 1,0 2,0 1,4 0,5 0,3 1,8 0,5 0,3 0,3
7 15,7 2,0 6,8 1,1 1,5 1,0 0,0 0,0 1,7 0,6 0,7 0,2

14 100 /

()

-

-

-

2 15,7 1,2 5,2 0,6 2,7 0,6 0,5 0,3 1,0 0,4 0,3 0,2
4 14,8 1,2 4,7 1,1 2,5 0,8 0,3 0,2 0,8 0,4 0,5 0,3
7 16,2 1,1 5,7 0,9 1,8 0,7 0,3 0,2 1,3 0,6 0,3 0,2

- , * ≤0,05


15 100 /

()

-

-

-

2 15,8 1,6 7,0 0,9 3,3 0,6 0,8 0,3 1,5 0,6 0,7 0,4
4 15,0 1,9 4,5 1,0 2,3 0,8 0,5 0,3 1,2 0,5 0,7 0,3
7 16,0 2,1 6,3 0,8 2,0 0,6 0,2 0,2 0,8 0,3 0,7 0,3

- , * ≤0,05


. , , . - .

4.2

18 200 250 . 50 - 60 100 /. . 24 . 6 . () 3 . 2, 4 7 . 16 17.


16

,

/

-

.
2 4 7
. 6 128,321,7 115,018,3 120,815,8
100 6 122,520,0 117,528,3 124,237,2
100 6 119,222,8 120,217,5 117,525,8

- , * ≤0,05

17

,

/

-

.
2 4 7

 

. 6 19,27,5 20,87,8 16,78,3
100 6 18,38,3 20,011,7 15,011,7
100 6 20,011,7 20,811,1 17,510,0

- , * ≤0,05

, .

4.3

200 250 . 100 / 60 . . .

4 , 3 /. . 2, 4 7 .

18.

18 (100 /)

,

/

-

-
2 4 7
. % . % . %
. 8 4 50,0 5 62,5 5 62,5
100 8 5 62,5 6 75,0 6 75,0
100 8 4 50,0 5 62,5 5 62,5

- , * ≤0,05

, .

4

1.         , - .

2.         , .

3.         .


5

. . . , . , , .

, , .

.

5.1

70 23 - 25 , . . 10 15 30, 50 100 /. , . ( 19).

19 - (Mm, D%)

,

/

-

D%
. 10 57,09,0 ---
30 10 69,522,3* +21,9%*
50 10 64,58,5** +13,2%**
100 10 58,57,5 +2,6%
30 10 81,524,8* +43,0%**
50 10 67,517,0* +18,4%*
100 10 59,08,8 +3,5%

1 * - . ; ≤0,05

2 ** - . ; ≤0,01

, 30 / 50/. , 30 / 21,9% . 50 / 13,2%. 100 / . . 30 / 43%. . 18, 4% 50 / 100 / ( 4).

1 * - . ; ≤0,05

2 ** - . ; ≤0,01

4 - , (Mm, D%)

, , 50 / 30 /.


5.2 ,

24 , , 220 - 250 , . 72 . 10 15 30, 50 100 /. .

, . 72 25%. , .

30 / 15 . 48 50%. 50 / . 2-3 62,5%. 100 / 30 /. 30 / 72 4 8 62,5%. 50 100 /. 62,5%. , , , , 50 /. 50 100 /. 20 5.

20 - (Mm, D%)

,

/

-

-

24

48

72

. % . % . %
. 8 5 62,5 3 37,5 2 25
30 8 5 62,5 4 50 4 50
50 8 6 75 5 62,5* 5 62,5*
100 8 5 62,5 4 50 4 50
30 8 5 62,5 5 62,5 4 50
50 8 6 75 6 75 5 62,5*
100 8 6 75 5 62,5* 5 62,5*

- . ; * - ≤ 0,05


- . ; * - ≤0,05

;

5 - (Mm, D%)

5.3 ,

, .

, , , . ( ) , , 4-5g, . , , .

220-250. , .

, . 36 , 12 . 100 / 10-15 . - .

2 . 16 g 10 , 5 . , 5 , 21 g 5 .

, . , 2 12, 16,7%, 3 , 41,7%. 12 1, 8,3 %, 2 , 25%.

: . 100%. 1 12, 8,3%. 6 21.


- . , * - ≤0,05

;

6

21 (100 /, )

1 2

%

%

10 83,3% 7 58,3%
11 91,7% 9 75,0%
12 100,0% 11* 91,7%

- ; * - ≤0,05


, , 100 / .

5.4

, (300 /). 40 .. 10-12 .

. 100 /, .

101,4 8,4 /100/. 15-20 . 5 27,8%. 20 . 30 12,7%, ( 60 .) 37,0%. : ( ).

( 15 ) 100 / ( 22 - 24, 7). . 5 8,8%, 27,8%. 15 60 . 60 , .

100 / (7 ) , . , 5 2,4% ( 27,8%). . 60 37,0%, 19,1%. . - , .

22

/100/

101,4 8,4

%
5 +27,8 5,1*
15 +3,2 4,6
30 -12,7 2,1*
45 -20,0 2,5
60 -37,0 1,9*

- , * ≤0,05


23 (100 /) , (Mm, n=7, D%)

/100/

81,827,8

%
5 +8,829,8*
15 -20,730,4*
30 -26,941,3*
45 -23,130,3*
60 -28,341,3*

- , * ≤0,05

24 (100 /) , (Mm, n=7, D%)

/100/

61,619,2

%
5 +2,457,1*
15 +7,254,8*
30 -31,832,6*
45 -22,626,4*
60 -19,124,9*

- , * ≤0,05




- , * ≤0,05

;

7


5.5

, , . . .

, . 5,2%. ( ) 60 19,6%. 14,8% .

, . 10-15 5 15 - . 30 60 12,2% . . , (+5,6% +41,1%, ). 25 - 27 8.


25

. .

. .//100/

122,6 3,9

1,24 4,0

%
5 -1,11,0 -23,2 4,0*
15 -2,91,1* -3,7 6,0
30 -7,2 2,2* +5,6 4,6
45 -6,12,4 +23 5,7
60 -5,2 2,2* +41,1 9,9*

- , * ≤0,05

26 - 100 / (Mm, n=7, D%)

75,38,3

%
5 -3,810,3 -5,7*31,9
15 -9,8*13,5 -15,5*15,8
30 -9,8*12,6 +32,7*24,5
45 -17,3*18,4 +7,2*24,3
60 -14,8*14,2 +5,6*23,3

- , * ≤0,05


27 - , 100 / (Mm, n=7, D%)

(/100/)

76,010,0

%
5 -8,4*9,5 -15,8*43,1
15 -7,8*10,8 +16,4*39,8
30 -12,0*13,3 +20,5*31,2
45 -16,9*11,5 +8,2*41,8
60 -19,6*9,1 +12,2*33,8

- , * ≤0,05




- , * ≤0,05

;

8 -


5

1. 30 50 / .

2. .

3. 100 / , - .

4. , .

5. , . , 60 2 , , .


6

: , ( , ) , . - , , , . , , . 50% 90 , 80% - 360 , 3-6 , . 3 7 [1].

(.. , 1989, .. . 1997) . , . , , . , , , .

, . , , -, , .

6.1 , ( )

. 220-250, . . 7 , , , 100 / (8 ). (11 ) 10-15 100 /. .

, - . 80 , 20 , 8 . , . 3 ( ), (- ), (), (, ).

, . .

, , , ( ) ( ). , . , . , . , , . - ( ) ( ) .

28 30.


28

()

-

-

-

2 . 12,02,6 7,92,7 2,41,5 0,90,7 2,61,1 0,00,0
4 . 10,63,6 4,72,5 2,92,1 0,70,6 3,40,7 0,00,0
7 . 13,02,6 7,07,0 1,91,3 0,30,5 2,30,7 0,20,2

29 (100 /)

()

-

-

-

2 10,81,9 4,11,0* 2,31,3 0,30,6 1,01,0 0,10,3
4 12,43,3 5,42,2 3,32,2 1,30,3 1,30,8* 0,10,3
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10. , .. / .. . .: , 1980. 190 .

11. , .. / .. . .: , 1983. 174 .

12. , .. : . . . / .., .., .. .: , 1981. 416 .

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14. , .. / .., .. .: , 1980. 188 .

15. , .. / .., .., .. .: , 1984. 54 .

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137. , .. / .. [ .] // . , 1976. 250 c.

138. , .. / .. .: . 1977. 184.

139. , .. / .., .., .. , 1982. 221 .

140. , .. / .. , .. , .. // . - 1984. - 2. . 38 41.

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