. , , ,

,,,

 

33 4, 5 , 6.

, , , , - , , , .

- 2.05.02 85.

. , , , .

-10+00, , .


Ņ..5

1 6

1.1. .6

1.2. .6

2 Ņ.11

2.1. .......11

2.2. υ..11

2.3. ⅅ.12

2.3.1. 텅......12

2.3.2. ......13

2.3.3. .....14

2.3.4. 酅........14

2.3.5. .................14

2.3.6. .............................................15

3. .............................................16

3.1. ........................................16

3.2. .......................................16

3.3. .............................................................18

3.4. ...............................19

3.5. .........20

3.6. .........................................20

4. ...........................22

4.1. .....................................................................................................................22

4.2. .................23

4.3. ............................................23

4.4. ....24

4.5. ....................................................26

4.6. ...................28

5. .............................................................................................................30

5.1. ...............................30

5.2. ....................................................30

5.2.1. ...........................................30

...........................................................................................32

..................................33


 

- .

- , . , , , . , . - .


1.        

 

1.1

 

- 1998 , . , .

, 60% .

. , . , (-) , .

1.2

 

. , 2002 3295 , 2931 - , 1110 (38%). 13553 , 7127 . 2595 .

(- ). .

. 2001 11,4 . , , , , . 2002 , - 108,4 . 1937 , . , , , - , , .

.

7126,5 , - 6426,2 , 10152,3 (74,9%), -6975,3 (97,9%). , (-).

(-) , , , , , , , , .

1017 . 501,6 . . 1 2002 78,666 100%. 282 . , 1703 1712 .

. , 19,3 1000 . .

, 13,3 . , 44 - .

, . 2,4 , ; 70,8 , , . 1 2002 756 26,9 . . , 240 (31,7%), .

(2000.-10%, 2002-13%, 2002.-3%), .

2000 ( ) 1999 17,4 , 2001 , 1,9 2000 . 4 (30%), .

, . 2001 11,3 , 2002 12 . 2001 , , -. 2001 17 , 2002 -11 . - , 35,9 % .

2001 , 7,1 , - 4,7 . 29 2000 , 8 .

. 87,6 67,2 .


2.

 

2.1

 

, .4.20 2.05.02 85, 1.

3 10 . 3 2000.

1.

, 30
, 450
, 3000
, 70000
, 8000
, 300
, 100

2.2

2.05.02-85 3 - , 100 /. , , 2.


2.

1. 3
2. , / 100
3. , 2
4. , 3,5
5. , 7,0
6. , 2,5
7. , 0,5
8. , 12.0
9.- 2
10. .
11. , 20
12.
13. , 40
14. , 600
15. , 200
16. , 350
17. , 50
18. , 10000
19. , 3000

2.3

 

2.3.1

130, .

, :

I (max) = D f (2.1)

D ; f .

130 3 , 1 2 . 3 130 D = 0,105. 3 0,020. :

i(max) = 0,105 0,020 = 0,085 85 . (2.2)

2.3.2

. . :

Sn = V/3,6+V²/ (85(j + f)) + 10 =100/3,6 + 100²/[85(0,45 + 0,02) + 10] = 288 , (2.3)

Sn , ;

j - , 0,45;

V , 3 100 /; f , 0,02.


2.3.3

, :

S = 2Sn = 2288 = 57

6 . (2.4)

2.3.4

. . :

R() = Sn²/ (2Hr) = 288²/ (21,2) = 34 560 , (2.5)

Sn , 288 ( . . 2.3.2); Hr , 1,2 .

2.3.5

: .

:

R () = Sn²/ 2[H + SnSin(a/2)] = 288288/ [2(0,7 + 2880,0175)] =7 242 , (2.6)

H , 0,7 ; a - , .

, 5% . :

R () = 0,157V² = 0,157100100 = 1 570 . (2.7)

, 7 242 .

2.3.6

, , .

:

R (min) = V²/ [127(m + i()] = 100²/ [127(0,1 + 0,02) = 656 , (2.8)

m ( 0,1); i() , 0,02.


3.

 

3.1

1:10 000 2,5 . , .

- . . .

- . . 8 + 50,14 . 1000 .

14+23,23 . 600 .

3.2

x y , , 3.3


3.3 ,

,
1860 780
1 1290 1690
2 1200 2390
2160 3345

:

L = [(X - X)² + (Y Y)²]½ = [(1860 2160)² + (780 3345)²]½ = = 2582,48 (). (3.9)

1 :

S1 = [(X X1)² + (Y - Y1)²]½ = [(570)² + (910)²]½=1073,78 (). (3.10)

S2 = [(X1 X2)² + (Y1 Y2)²]½ = [(90)² + (700)²]½ =2555(). (3.11)

2 :

S3 = [(X2 X)² + (Y2 Y)²]½ = [(960)² + (955)²]½ = 624 (). (3.12)

- 1:

D01 = Arccos [(X1X)/S1] = 122º33 (3.13)

1 2:

D12 = Arccos [(X2X1)/S2] = 97º19 (3.14)

2 :

D2N = Arccos [(XX2)/S3] = 44º51) (3.15)

1 :

U1 = D12 D01 = -24º44 (3.18)

2 :

U2 = D2N D12 = -52º28 (3.19)

1. :

SU - SU = D2N D01; (3.20)

(-2444 - 52º28) = (44º51 - 1223)

77o12 = 77o12

3.3

 

1 :

U1= 24º44; R1 = 1000 .

:

1 = R1Tg (U1/2) = 1000 Tg(24º44/2) = 219,25 () (3.21)

:

K1 = R1 p U1/180º = 1000 3.1416 24º44/180º = 431,68 (). (3.23)

:

1 = 21 1 = 2219,25 431,68 = 6,82 (). (3.24)

1 = R1[(1/Cos(U1/2))1] = 1000[(1/Cos(24º44/2)-1] = 23,75 (). (3.25)

2 -

U2= 58º28; R2 = 600 .

:

2 = R1Tg (U2/2) = 800 Tg(52º28/2) =295,67 (). (3.26)

:

K2 = R2p U2/180º = 800 3.1416 52º28/180º = 549,43 (). (3.28)

:

2 = 22 2 = 41,91 (). (3.28)

:

2 = R2[(1/ Cos(U2/2))1] = 800[(1/Cos(52º28/2)-1]= 68,90(). (3.29)

2. :

2ST-SK = S; (3.30)

2(219,25 + 295,67) (431,68 + 549,43) = 48,73

48,73= 48,73
3.4

 

L(HT) = 0+ +00,00.

1 :

L (1) = L(HT) + S1 = 00,00 + 1073,78 = 1073,78 () (3.31)

10 + 73,78

2 :

L(2) = L(1) + S2 1=1073,78 + 705,76 6,82 = 1772,72 (3.32)

17 + 72,72

L () = L (2) + S3 2 = 3084,92 () (3.33)

30 + 84,92

:

L = L () L () = 3084,92 () (3.34)

3. :

SS - S = L; (3.35)

3084,92 = 3084,92

 

3.5

 

1 :

L (1) = L (1) T1 = 854,53() (3.36)

8 + 54,53

1 :

L (1) = L (1) + 1 = 1286,21() (3.37)

12+ 86,21

2 - :

L (2) = L (2) T2= 1477,05() (3.38)

14 + 77,05

2 :

L (2) = L (2) + 2 = 2026,48() (3.37)

20 + 26,48

1 :

1 = L (1) L () = 854,53() (3.38)

2 :

2 = L (2) L (1) = 190,84() (3.39)

3 :

3 = L () L (2) = 1058,44() (3.40)

4. :

SR + SK = L; (3.41)

3084,92 = 3084,92

 

3.6

.. 3.2 3.5 3.4 .

:

= L/ L = 1,19 (3.42)

3 R = 600 .

2000 , ,

L = 1 + 2 = 981,11(). (3.43)


3.4 ,

,

.

.

R,

,

S, ,

D

+ . + +
0 00,00
1073,78 854,53 12203
1 10 73,78

24 o

44

- 1000 219,25 431,68 6,82 23,75 8 54,53 12 86,21
705,76 190,84 9719
2 17 72,72

52o 28

- 600 358,45 673,98 42,92 76,63 31 77,23 38 51,21
1354,11 1058,44 4451
30 84,92
77º 12 - 514,92 981,11 48,73 3133,65 2103,81

4.

4.1

 

2 2 - 1.9 (2) = 1.2 .

3 2,15 , , , 1.50. 3 (3) = (2) =1.2 .

:

(.) = d + t + z = 2,15 , (4.44)

d , t , z .

:

() = +g + = 3,0 +1,0 +1,0 = 5,0 , (4.45)

, 3,0 ; g , 1,0 ; , 1 .

:

() = h() + h(z) = 0,3 + 0,6 = 0,9 , (4.46)

h() ,

0,25 ; h(z) , 3 0,6 .

, 2 3 , 1,6.

4.2

 

0 20.

= (min) + (x/ L) dh, (4.47)

H(min) , ; ( ); L ; dh , 2,5 .

4. , ;

h = 2,5 x/ L (4.48)


4.4

, L X/L h H
222.5
1 222.5 4 10 0.4 1 223.50
2 225 3 8 0.375 0.9375 225.94
3 227.5 5 9 0.555556 1.388889 228.89
4 230 6 12 0.5 1.25 231.25
5 232.5 4 26 0.153846 0.384615 232.88
6 232.5 15 26 0.576923 1.442308 233.94
7 232.5 25 26 0.961538 2.403846 234.90
8 235 8 20 0.4 1 236.00
9 235 18 20 0.9 2.25 237.25
10 237.5 7 12 0.583333 1.458333 238.96
11 242.5 0 6 0 0 242.50
12 245 6 21 0.285714 0.714286 245.71
13 245 16 21 0.761905 1.904762 246.90
14 245 0,5654 0,66675 245
15 245 7 11 0.636364 1.590909 246.59
16 247.5 6 6 1 2.5 250.00
17 252.5 4 5 0.8 2 254.50
18 255 1.5 5 0.3 0.75 255.75
19 252.5 5 7 0.714286 1.785714 254.29
20 255 4 4 1 2.5 257.50

4.3

 

4.4 , . 14, 19, 1.5 .

, 2.15.

14 3000.

17 10000.

4.4

 

0 + 00 223,40 . +22 () 400.

1 :

(N+1) = (N) - + ik L (4.49)

(1) = (0) + i1 L = 225,60

(2) = (1) + i1 L = 227,80

(3) = (2) + i1 L = 230,00

(4) = (3) + i1 L = 232,20

:

(4) = (0) + i1 L = 232,20 .

2 , +16 1300 .

(7) = (6) + i2 L = 179,286 + 0,016 100 = 180,886 .

(8) = (7) + i2 L = 180,886 + 0,016 100 = 182,486 .

(9) = (8) + i2 L = 182,486 + 0,016 100 = 184,086 .

(10) = (9) + i2 L = 184,086 + 0,016 100 = 185,686 .

(11) = (10) + i2 L = 185,686 + 0,016 100 = 187,286 .

(12) = (11) + i2 L = 187,286 + 0,016 100 = 188,886 .

(13) = (12) + i2 L = 188,886 + 0,016 100 = 190,486 .

(14) = (13) + i2 L = 190,486 + 0,016 100 = 192,086 .

(15) = (14) + i2 L = 192,086 + 0,016 100 = 193,686 .

(16) = (15) + i2 L = 193,686 + 0,016 100 = 195,286 .

(17) = (16) + i2 L = 195,286 + 0,016 100 = 196,886 .

(18) = (17) + i2 L = 196,886 + 0,016 100 = 198,486 .

(19) = (18) + i2 L = 198,486 + 0,016 100 = 200,086 .

:

(19) = (6) + i2 L = 179,286 + 0,016 1300 = 200,086 .

3 , -10 1100 .

(20) = (19) - i3 L = 200,086 - 0.01 100= 199,086 .

(21) = (20) - i3 L = 199,086 - 0.01 100= 198,086 .

(22) = (21) - i3 L = 198,086 - 0.01 100= 197,086 .

(23) = (22) - i3 L = 197,086 - 0.01 100= 196,086 .

(24) = (23) - i3 L = 196,086 - 0.01 100= 195,086 .

(25) = (24) - i3 L = 195,086 - 0.01 100= 194,086 .

(26) = (25) - i3 L = 194,086 - 0.01 100= 193,086 .

(27) = (26) - i3 L = 193,086 - 0.01 100= 192,086 .

(28) = (27) - i3 L = 192,086 - 0.01 100= 191,086 .

(29) = (28) - i3 L = 191,086 - 0.01 100= 190,086 .

(30) = (29) - i3 L = 190,086 - 0.01 100= 189,086 .

:

(30) = (19 ) - i3 L = 200,086 - 0.01 1100=189,086 .

4 , -6 700 .

(31) = (30) i4 L =189,086 0.006 100 =188,486 .

(32) = (31) i4 L =188,486 0.006 100 =187,886 .

(33) = (32) i4 L =187,886 0.006 100 =187,286 .

(34) = (33) i4 L =187,286 0.006 100 =186,686 .

(35) = (34) i4 L =186,686 0.006 100 =186,086 .

(36) = (35) i4 L =186,086 0.006 100 =185,486 .

(37) = (36) i4 L =185,486 0.006 100 =184,886 .

:

(37) = (30) i4 L =189,086 0.006 700 =184,886 .

5 , +24 400 .

(38) = (37) + i5 L =184,886 + 0.024100 =187,286 .

(39) = (38) + i5 L =187,286 + 0.024100 =189,686 .

(40) = (39) + i5 L =189,686 + 0.024100 =192,086 .

(41) = (40) + i5 L =192,086 + 0.024100 =194,486 .

:

(41) = (37) + i5 L =184,886 + 0.024 400 =194,486 .

 

4.5

 

:

1

L () = 1900,00 .

: R =10000 .

: i2 = + 16 = 0.016

: i3 = 10 = 0.01

:

()= (19) = 200,086 ;

(17+70,00) = 198,006 ;

(18+00,00) = 198,486 ,

(20+00,00) = 199,086

(20+30,00) = 198,786 ;

:

:

= R½ i1- i2 ½= 10000 ½0.016 (- 0.01) ½= 260 . (4.50)

:

= / 2 = 260/ 2= 130 . (4.51)

:

= ² / (2 R) =130 ² / (2 10000) = 0,845 (4.52)

:

:

L(HBK) = L(BB) = 1900,00 - 130 = 1770 . (4.53)

17+70,00

:

L () = L(BB) + = 1900,00 + 130 = 2030,00 (4.54)

20 + 30,00

:

:

(HBK) = (BB) + i2 = 200,086 - 0.016 130 = 198,006 (4.55)

:

(BK) = (BB) + i3 = 200,086 + (-0.01) 130 = 198,786 (4.56)

2

L () = 3700 .

: R =12500 .

: i4 = - 6 = - 0,006

: i5 = + 24 = 0.024

:

()=(37) = 184,886 ;

(35+12,50) = 186,001 ;

(36+00,00) = 185,486 ;

(38+00,00) = 187,286 ;

(38+87,50) = 189,386 ;

:

:

= ½ i4- i5 ½= 12500 ½ (- 0,006) 0,024 ½= 375 .

:

= / 2 = 375/ 2 = 187,5 .

:

= ² / (2 R) =187,5² / (2 12500) = 1,41

:

:

L (HBK) = L(BB) = 3700,00 187,5 =3512,50 .

35 + 12,50

:

L() = L(BB) + = 3700,00 + 187,5 = 3887,50 .

38 + 87,50

:

:

(HBK) = (BB) + i4 = 184,886 + 0,006 187,5 = 186,001 .

:

(BK) = (BB) + i5 = 184,886 + 0,024 187,5 = 189,386 .

 

4.6

 

0 2 ( ) :

= ½½L / (½½ + ½½), (4.60)

, ; L , 100 ; , .

:

1=½ (0)½L / (½ (0)½+½ (1)½)=1,6100 / (1,6+1,6) = 50.

:

L (01) = L ( 0) + 1 =0 + 50= 50,00 . 0 + 50,00 (4.61)

:

2= ½ (1)½L / (½ (1)½ + ½ (2)½) = 1,6100 / (1,6 + 1,9) = 44,8

:

L(02) = L(1) + 2 = 100 + 44,80 = 144,80 1 + 44,80

10 14 ( ):

:

3=½ (10)½L / (½ (10)½+½ (11)½)=0,5100 / (0,55+0,3) = 58,83.

:

L (03) = L ( 10) + 1 =1000 +58,83= 1058,83 . 10 + 58,83

:

4= ½ (13)½L / (½ (13)½ +½ (14)½) = 1,9100 / (1,9 +4,25) = 30,9

:

L (04) = L (13) + 2 = 1300 + 30,9 = 1330,9 13 + 30,90


5.

5.1

 

, , .

5.2 13

5.2.1

, , .

15 L = --- ( .4.4). dh 2.5 .

:

i = dh / L = 2.5 /43 = 0.058 = 58 (4.62)

:

m = 1/ i = 1/ 0,058 = 17,2

10, .

15 +00 :

3

;

m = 4

n = 5

= 241,50 ;

= 238,96

2, 54

= 7,00 ;

= 2,50 ;

0,50 ;

i = 15 ;

i = 40 ;

i = 30 ;

i = 20 ;

h = 0,60 ;

h = 0,15 .


 

- 3- : , , .

3084,92 ;

1.19

1000 600 ;

2000 981,11 .

.

.

- 27;

3000 ;

2 .

10 + 00, .


 

1.         : . .. , 2003 .

2.         2.05.02.-85. . .: , , 1986. 56.

3.         21.101-97.. . .: , 1998. 41.

4.         : . .: , 1987. 55.

5.         : / . .. . .: , 1989. 437 .

6.         .., .. . .1. .: , 1987. 368 .

33 4, 5 , 6. , , , , -

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :