,,,
33 4, 5 , 6.
, , , , - , , , .
- 2.05.02 85.
. , , , .
-10+00, , .
Ņ..5
1 6
1.1. .6
1.2. .6
2 Ņ.11
2.1. .......11
2.2. υ..11
2.3. ⅅ.12
2.3.1. 텅......12
2.3.2. ......13
2.3.3. .....14
2.3.4. 酅........14
2.3.5. .................14
2.3.6. .............................................15
3. .............................................16
3.1. ........................................16
3.2. .......................................16
3.3. .............................................................18
3.4. ...............................19
3.5. .........20
3.6. .........................................20
4. ...........................22
4.1. .....................................................................................................................22
4.2. .................23
4.3. ............................................23
4.4. ....24
4.5. ....................................................26
4.6. ...................28
5. .............................................................................................................30
5.1. ...............................30
5.2. ....................................................30
5.2.1. ...........................................30
...........................................................................................32
..................................33
- .
- , . , , , . , . - .
1.
1.1
- 1998 , . , .
, 60% .
. , . , (-) , .
1.2
. , 2002 3295 , 2931 - , 1110 (38%). 13553 , 7127 . 2595 .
(- ). .
. 2001 11,4 . , , , , . 2002 , - 108,4 . 1937 , . , , , - , , .
.
7126,5 , - 6426,2 , 10152,3 (74,9%), -6975,3 (97,9%). , (-).
(-) , , , , , , , , .
1017 . 501,6 . . 1 2002 78,666 100%. 282 . , 1703 1712 .
. , 19,3 1000 . .
, 13,3 . , 44 - .
, . 2,4 , ; 70,8 , , . 1 2002 756 26,9 . . , 240 (31,7%), .
(2000.-10%, 2002-13%, 2002.-3%), .
2000 ( ) 1999 17,4 , 2001 , 1,9 2000 . 4 (30%), .
, . 2001 11,3 , 2002 12 . 2001 , , -. 2001 17 , 2002 -11 . - , 35,9 % .
2001 , 7,1 , - 4,7 . 29 2000 , 8 .
. 87,6 67,2 .
2.
2.1
, .4.20 2.05.02 85, 1.
3 10 . 3 2000.
1.
, | 30 |
, | 450 |
, | 3000 |
, | 70000 |
, | 8000 |
, | 300 |
, | 100 |
2.2
2.05.02-85 3 - , 100 /. , , 2.
2.
1. | 3 |
2. , / | 100 |
3. , | 2 |
4. , | 3,5 |
5. , | 7,0 |
6. , | 2,5 |
7. , | 0,5 |
8. , | 12.0 |
9.- | 2 |
10. | . |
11. , | 20 |
12. | |
13. , | 40 |
14. , | 600 |
15. , | 200 |
16. , | 350 |
17. , | 50 |
18. , | 10000 |
19. , | 3000 |
2.3
2.3.1
130, .
, :
I (max) = D f (2.1)
D ; f .
130 3 , 1 2 . 3 130 D = 0,105. 3 0,020. :
i(max) = 0,105 0,020 = 0,085 85 . (2.2)
2.3.2
. . :
Sn = V/3,6+V²/ (85(j + f)) + 10 =100/3,6 + 100²/[85(0,45 + 0,02) + 10] = 288 , (2.3)
Sn , ;
j - , 0,45;
V , 3 100 /; f , 0,02.
2.3.3
, :
S = 2Sn = 2288 = 57
6 . (2.4)
2.3.4
. . :
R() = Sn²/ (2Hr) = 288²/ (21,2) = 34 560 , (2.5)
Sn , 288 ( . . 2.3.2); Hr , 1,2 .
2.3.5
: .
:
R () = Sn²/ 2[H + SnSin(a/2)] = 288288/ [2(0,7 + 2880,0175)] =7 242 , (2.6)
H , 0,7 ; a - , .
, 5% . :
R () = 0,157V² = 0,157100100 = 1 570 . (2.7)
, 7 242 .
2.3.6
, , .
:
R (min) = V²/ [127(m + i()] = 100²/ [127(0,1 + 0,02) = 656 , (2.8)
m ( 0,1); i() , 0,02.
3.
3.1
1:10 000 2,5 . , .
- . . .
- . . 8 + 50,14 . 1000 .
14+23,23 . 600 .
3.2
x y , , 3.3
3.3 ,
, | ||
1860 | 780 | |
1 | 1290 | 1690 |
2 | 1200 | 2390 |
2160 | 3345 |
:
L = [(X - X)² + (Y Y)²]½ = [(1860 2160)² + (780 3345)²]½ = = 2582,48 (). (3.9)
1 :
S1 = [(X X1)² + (Y - Y1)²]½ = [(570)² + (910)²]½=1073,78 (). (3.10)
S2 = [(X1 X2)² + (Y1 Y2)²]½ = [(90)² + (700)²]½ =2555(). (3.11)
2 :
S3 = [(X2 X)² + (Y2 Y)²]½ = [(960)² + (955)²]½ = 624 (). (3.12)
- 1:
D01 = Arccos [(X1X)/S1] = 122º33 (3.13)
1 2:
D12 = Arccos [(X2X1)/S2] = 97º19 (3.14)
2 :
D2N = Arccos [(XX2)/S3] = 44º51) (3.15)
1 :
U1 = D12 D01 = -24º44 (3.18)
2 :
U2 = D2N D12 = -52º28 (3.19)
1. :
SU - SU = D2N D01; (3.20)
(-2444 - 52º28) = (44º51 - 1223)
77o12 = 77o12
3.3
1 :
U1= 24º44; R1 = 1000 .
:
1 = R1Tg (U1/2) = 1000 Tg(24º44/2) = 219,25 () (3.21)
:
K1 = R1 p U1/180º = 1000 3.1416 24º44/180º = 431,68 (). (3.23)
:
1 = 21 1 = 2219,25 431,68 = 6,82 (). (3.24)
1 = R1[(1/Cos(U1/2))1] = 1000[(1/Cos(24º44/2)-1] = 23,75 (). (3.25)
2 -
U2= 58º28; R2 = 600 .
:
2 = R1Tg (U2/2) = 800 Tg(52º28/2) =295,67 (). (3.26)
:
K2 = R2p U2/180º = 800 3.1416 52º28/180º = 549,43 (). (3.28)
:
2 = 22 2 = 41,91 (). (3.28)
:
2 = R2[(1/ Cos(U2/2))1] = 800[(1/Cos(52º28/2)-1]= 68,90(). (3.29)
2. :
2ST-SK = S; (3.30)
2(219,25 + 295,67) (431,68 + 549,43) = 48,73
48,73=
48,73
3.4
L(HT) = 0+ +00,00.
1 :
L (1) = L(HT) + S1 = 00,00 + 1073,78 = 1073,78 () (3.31)
10 + 73,78
2 :
L(2) = L(1) + S2 1=1073,78 + 705,76 6,82 = 1772,72 (3.32)
17 + 72,72
L () = L (2) + S3 2 = 3084,92 () (3.33)
30 + 84,92
:
L = L () L () = 3084,92 () (3.34)
3. :
SS - S = L; (3.35)
3084,92 = 3084,92
3.5
1 :
L (1) = L (1) T1 = 854,53() (3.36)
8 + 54,53
1 :
L (1) = L (1) + 1 = 1286,21() (3.37)
12+ 86,21
2 - :
L (2) = L (2) T2= 1477,05() (3.38)
14 + 77,05
2 :
L (2) = L (2) + 2 = 2026,48() (3.37)
20 + 26,48
1 :
1 = L (1) L () = 854,53() (3.38)
2 :
2 = L (2) L (1) = 190,84() (3.39)
3 :
3 = L () L (2) = 1058,44() (3.40)
4. :
SR + SK = L; (3.41)
3084,92 = 3084,92
3.6
.. 3.2 3.5 3.4 .
:
= L/ L = 1,19 (3.42)
3 R = 600 .
2000 , ,
L = 1 + 2 = 981,11(). (3.43)
3.4 ,
, . . |
R, |
, |
頠 |
S, | , |
D |
||||||||||
+ | . | + | + | |||||||||||||
0 | 00,00 | |||||||||||||||
1073,78 | 854,53 | 12203 | ||||||||||||||
1 | 10 | 73,78 |
24 o 44 |
- | 1000 | 219,25 | 431,68 | 6,82 | 23,75 | 8 | 54,53 | 12 | 86,21 | |||
705,76 | 190,84 | 9719 | ||||||||||||||
2 | 17 | 72,72 |
52o 28 |
- | 600 | 358,45 | 673,98 | 42,92 | 76,63 | 31 | 77,23 | 38 | 51,21 | |||
1354,11 | 1058,44 | 4451 | ||||||||||||||
30 | 84,92 | |||||||||||||||
∑ | 77º 12 | - | 514,92 | 981,11 | 48,73 | 3133,65 | 2103,81 |
4.
4.1
2 2 - 1.9 (2) = 1.2 .
3 2,15 , , , 1.50. 3 (3) = (2) =1.2 .
:
(.) = d + t + z = 2,15 , (4.44)
d , t , z .
:
() = +g + = 3,0 +1,0 +1,0 = 5,0 , (4.45)
, 3,0 ; g , 1,0 ; , 1 .
:
() = h() + h(z) = 0,3 + 0,6 = 0,9 , (4.46)
h() ,
0,25 ; h(z) , 3 0,6 .
, 2 3 , 1,6.
4.2
0 20.
= (min) + (x/ L) dh, (4.47)
H(min) , ; ( ); L ; dh , 2,5 .
4. , ;
h = 2,5 x/ L (4.48)
4.4
, | L | X/L | h | H | ||
222.5 | ||||||
1 | 222.5 | 4 | 10 | 0.4 | 1 | 223.50 |
2 | 225 | 3 | 8 | 0.375 | 0.9375 | 225.94 |
3 | 227.5 | 5 | 9 | 0.555556 | 1.388889 | 228.89 |
4 | 230 | 6 | 12 | 0.5 | 1.25 | 231.25 |
5 | 232.5 | 4 | 26 | 0.153846 | 0.384615 | 232.88 |
6 | 232.5 | 15 | 26 | 0.576923 | 1.442308 | 233.94 |
7 | 232.5 | 25 | 26 | 0.961538 | 2.403846 | 234.90 |
8 | 235 | 8 | 20 | 0.4 | 1 | 236.00 |
9 | 235 | 18 | 20 | 0.9 | 2.25 | 237.25 |
10 | 237.5 | 7 | 12 | 0.583333 | 1.458333 | 238.96 |
11 | 242.5 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 242.50 |
12 | 245 | 6 | 21 | 0.285714 | 0.714286 | 245.71 |
13 | 245 | 16 | 21 | 0.761905 | 1.904762 | 246.90 |
14 | 245 | 0,5654 | 0,66675 | 245 | ||
15 | 245 | 7 | 11 | 0.636364 | 1.590909 | 246.59 |
16 | 247.5 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 2.5 | 250.00 |
17 | 252.5 | 4 | 5 | 0.8 | 2 | 254.50 |
18 | 255 | 1.5 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.75 | 255.75 |
19 | 252.5 | 5 | 7 | 0.714286 | 1.785714 | 254.29 |
20 | 255 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2.5 | 257.50 |
4.3
4.4 , . 14, 19, 1.5 .
, 2.15.
14 3000.
17 10000.
4.4
0 + 00 223,40 . +22 () 400.
1 :
(N+1) = (N) - + ik L (4.49)
(1) = (0) + i1 L = 225,60
(2) = (1) + i1 L = 227,80
(3) = (2) + i1 L = 230,00
(4) = (3) + i1 L = 232,20
:
(4) = (0) + i1 L = 232,20 .
2 , +16 1300 .
(7) = (6) + i2 L = 179,286 + 0,016 100 = 180,886 .
(8) = (7) + i2 L = 180,886 + 0,016 100 = 182,486 .
(9) = (8) + i2 L = 182,486 + 0,016 100 = 184,086 .
(10) = (9) + i2 L = 184,086 + 0,016 100 = 185,686 .
(11) = (10) + i2 L = 185,686 + 0,016 100 = 187,286 .
(12) = (11) + i2 L = 187,286 + 0,016 100 = 188,886 .
(13) = (12) + i2 L = 188,886 + 0,016 100 = 190,486 .
(14) = (13) + i2 L = 190,486 + 0,016 100 = 192,086 .
(15) = (14) + i2 L = 192,086 + 0,016 100 = 193,686 .
(16) = (15) + i2 L = 193,686 + 0,016 100 = 195,286 .
(17) = (16) + i2 L = 195,286 + 0,016 100 = 196,886 .
(18) = (17) + i2 L = 196,886 + 0,016 100 = 198,486 .
(19) = (18) + i2 L = 198,486 + 0,016 100 = 200,086 .
:
(19) = (6) + i2 L = 179,286 + 0,016 1300 = 200,086 .
3 , -10 1100 .
(20) = (19) - i3 L = 200,086 - 0.01 100= 199,086 .
(21) = (20) - i3 L = 199,086 - 0.01 100= 198,086 .
(22) = (21) - i3 L = 198,086 - 0.01 100= 197,086 .
(23) = (22) - i3 L = 197,086 - 0.01 100= 196,086 .
(24) = (23) - i3 L = 196,086 - 0.01 100= 195,086 .
(25) = (24) - i3 L = 195,086 - 0.01 100= 194,086 .
(26) = (25) - i3 L = 194,086 - 0.01 100= 193,086 .
(27) = (26) - i3 L = 193,086 - 0.01 100= 192,086 .
(28) = (27) - i3 L = 192,086 - 0.01 100= 191,086 .
(29) = (28) - i3 L = 191,086 - 0.01 100= 190,086 .
(30) = (29) - i3 L = 190,086 - 0.01 100= 189,086 .
:
(30) = (19 ) - i3 L = 200,086 - 0.01 1100=189,086 .
4 , -6 700 .
(31) = (30) i4 L =189,086 0.006 100 =188,486 .
(32) = (31) i4 L =188,486 0.006 100 =187,886 .
(33) = (32) i4 L =187,886 0.006 100 =187,286 .
(34) = (33) i4 L =187,286 0.006 100 =186,686 .
(35) = (34) i4 L =186,686 0.006 100 =186,086 .
(36) = (35) i4 L =186,086 0.006 100 =185,486 .
(37) = (36) i4 L =185,486 0.006 100 =184,886 .
:
(37) = (30) i4 L =189,086 0.006 700 =184,886 .
5 , +24 400 .
(38) = (37) + i5 L =184,886 + 0.024100 =187,286 .
(39) = (38) + i5 L =187,286 + 0.024100 =189,686 .
(40) = (39) + i5 L =189,686 + 0.024100 =192,086 .
(41) = (40) + i5 L =192,086 + 0.024100 =194,486 .
:
(41) = (37) + i5 L =184,886 + 0.024 400 =194,486 .
4.5
:
1
L () = 1900,00 .
: R =10000 .
: i2 = + 16 = 0.016
: i3 = 10 = 0.01
:
()= (19) = 200,086 ;
(17+70,00) = 198,006 ;
(18+00,00) = 198,486 ,
(20+00,00) = 199,086
(20+30,00) = 198,786 ;
:
:
= R½ i1- i2 ½= 10000 ½0.016 (- 0.01) ½= 260 . (4.50)
:
= / 2 = 260/ 2= 130 . (4.51)
:
= ² / (2 R) =130 ² / (2 10000) = 0,845 (4.52)
:
:
L(HBK) = L(BB) = 1900,00 - 130 = 1770 . (4.53)
17+70,00
:
L () = L(BB) + = 1900,00 + 130 = 2030,00 (4.54)
20 + 30,00
:
:
(HBK) = (BB) + i2 = 200,086 - 0.016 130 = 198,006 (4.55)
:
(BK) = (BB) + i3 = 200,086 + (-0.01) 130 = 198,786 (4.56)
2
L () = 3700 .
: R =12500 .
: i4 = - 6 = - 0,006
: i5 = + 24 = 0.024
:
()=(37) = 184,886 ;
(35+12,50) = 186,001 ;
(36+00,00) = 185,486 ;
(38+00,00) = 187,286 ;
(38+87,50) = 189,386 ;
:
:
= ½ i4- i5 ½= 12500 ½ (- 0,006) 0,024 ½= 375 .
:
= / 2 = 375/ 2 = 187,5 .
:
= ² / (2 R) =187,5² / (2 12500) = 1,41
:
:
L (HBK) = L(BB) = 3700,00 187,5 =3512,50 .
35 + 12,50
:
L() = L(BB) + = 3700,00 + 187,5 = 3887,50 .
38 + 87,50
:
:
(HBK) = (BB) + i4 = 184,886 + 0,006 187,5 = 186,001 .
:
(BK) = (BB) + i5 = 184,886 + 0,024 187,5 = 189,386 .
4.6
0 2 ( ) :
= ½½L / (½½ + ½½), (4.60)
, ; L , 100 ; , .
:
1=½ (0)½L / (½ (0)½+½ (1)½)=1,6100 / (1,6+1,6) = 50.
:
L (01) = L ( 0) + 1 =0 + 50= 50,00 . 0 + 50,00 (4.61)
:
2= ½ (1)½L / (½ (1)½ + ½ (2)½) = 1,6100 / (1,6 + 1,9) = 44,8
:
L(02) = L(1) + 2 = 100 + 44,80 = 144,80 1 + 44,80
10 14 ( ):
:
3=½ (10)½L / (½ (10)½+½ (11)½)=0,5100 / (0,55+0,3) = 58,83.
:
L (03) = L ( 10) + 1 =1000 +58,83= 1058,83 . 10 + 58,83
:
4= ½ (13)½L / (½ (13)½ +½ (14)½) = 1,9100 / (1,9 +4,25) = 30,9
:
L (04) = L (13) + 2 = 1300 + 30,9 = 1330,9 13 + 30,90
5.
5.1
, , .
5.2 13
5.2.1
, , .
15 L = --- ( .4.4). dh 2.5 .
:
i = dh / L = 2.5 /43 = 0.058 = 58 (4.62)
:
m = 1/ i = 1/ 0,058 = 17,2
10, .
15 +00 :
3
;
m = 4
n = 5
= 241,50 ;
= 238,96
2, 54
= 7,00 ;
= 2,50 ;
0,50 ;
i = 15 ;
i = 40 ;
i = 30 ;
i = 20 ;
h = 0,60 ;
h = 0,15 .
- 3- : , , .
3084,92 ;
1.19
1000 600 ;
2000 981,11 .
.
.
- 27;
3000 ;
2 .
10 + 00, .
1. : . .. , 2003 .
2. 2.05.02.-85. . .: , , 1986. 56.
3. 21.101-97.. . .: , 1998. 41.
4. : . .: , 1987. 55.
5. : / . .. . .: , 1989. 437 .
6. .., .. . .1. .: , 1987. 368 .
33 4, 5 , 6. , , , , -
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .