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2.2

, , . . , . .

, , (Russia Is Felling the Full Force of the Worlds Economic Storm; The Kremlin Belatedly Recognizes the Full Scale of the Economic Crisis; Russians Hoard Cash as Fear of Crisis Takes Hold), (Devaluation Threat to Rouble; Down in the Dumps: the Rouble Is Looking Sickly; Rouble Trouble). , , (Russia Gets the Downgrade; Now Russia Gets Caught in the Credit Crunch), , , (Russia Must Face Reality).

, (Dependence on Russian Energy Places Europe at Risk; Credibility Freeze), (Gas Crisis Is a Putin Masterclass in How to Lose Friends and Alienate Your Neighbours).

, (Dissent Beginning to Spread Across Russia as Crisis Bites; Thousands Protest Across Russia), (The Kremlins Hot and Cold War; Putin and Medvedev Faction Locked in Kremlin Financial Power Struggle). , (Why Vladimir Putins Power Is on the Wane?). , (The Lure of Putinism) - - - , (Putin Flexes His Muscles and Fuels a New World Order; Final Word: Singalong with Putin - or Else). , . , , , (Fraud Claims as Kremlins Man Heads for Win in Mayoral Poll).

: The Big Question: Why Is Russia Building Up Its Armed Forces, and Should the West Worry? , , , (Russian Military a Piper Tiger Despite Symbolic Comeback)?

- , -24 (Its -24C in Russia - But Life Goes On), , , (Russian Police Code of Conduct Bans Bribery, Swearing and Drinking).

, , (The Ice Melts, The US - Russia Thaw Could Start Here, Re-Engaging Russia).

, , (Alexaner Lebedev, the Anglophile Oligarch Britain Believes It Can Work with).

, : , XVI (New Russian Orthodox Church Leader Metropolitan Kirill May End Rift with Rome).

, , : , , .

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2.3 : , , ,

1. , : 30-year gas delivery contracts from Russia, the 1998 financial crisis, the dubious privatization of the early 1990s, on April 26, in 2006, in the first three months of 2008, in Soviet times, since Gorbachevs perestroika. , , , , (the reign of Nicolas I, The Crimean War, reforms of Alexander II, The Soviet Union, the former Soviet Republics, the collapse of the Soviet Union, bolsheviki, under communism, The Stalin period, on the Second World War, the Cold War, sleepy Brezhnev days, Vladimir Putins Russia, War in Georgia, Next Presidential election) . . The reign of Nicolas I, The Crimean War, Alexander Herzens journal The Bell, reforms of Alexander II (19 ): I - 1825-1855, - 1853-1856., 1857 , II 1855 1881 . 70 , , , .. 1922. 1953., 1991 , . Vladimir Putins Russia, Next Presidential election : .. 2000 2008 , 2008 , (4 ), 2012 .

2. . . , -, : the largest country in the world, giant, its vast landmass, Russias huge. , - 5750 miles from Moscow, - across Russias 11 time zones, seven time zones away from Moscow. -, . () :

) ( , ).

: Russia declared victory in its war to crush separatists in the rebel republic of Chechnya (The Times, 17 April 2009);

Neighbouring Ingushetia has been in turmoil for months, while insurgent attacks have spread to Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria (Times Online, 16 April 2009);

Anastasia was apparently inspired to test the system after watching Dasha Varfolomeeva, a girl from Yakutia, ask Vladimir Putin for a new dress (The Times, 12 February 2009);

Mr Medvedev named Mr Turchak, 33, as the new governor of Pskov region (The Times, 23 February 2009).

) -

: Mr Kadyrov, 32, has shown loyalty to Mr Putin, who has allowed him almost complete autonomy in running the republic in the North Caucasus (The Times 17 April 2009);

Moscow plays along because while Chechnya is quieter, the rest of the North Caucasus is growing increasingly unstable (Times Online, 16 April 2009);

After weeks without reply the teenager was suddenly summoned to see her headmistress at her village school in Kalitnevsky near Rostov, Southern Russia (The Times, 12 February);

The temperature in some parts of Russia will sink to -48C, or even -50C We expect this in Siberia (The Guardian, 2 February 2009);

Mr Putin, the Prime Minister invited her [Dasha Varfolomeyeva] to travel from Russias Far East with her grandmother to celebrate New Year in Moscow (The Times, 12 February 2009).

). ():

Kadyrov has built Europes largest mosque in Grozny (Times Online, 16 April 2009);

But thousands in Vladivostok depend on reselling foreign cars for their livelihoods (Times Online, 26 January 2009);

A painting by the Russian Prime Minister went on display yesterday in St Petersburg as part of a charity auction to raise funds for children hospitals (The Independent, 15 January 2009);

In Moscow, a motley band of communists, anarchists and liberals gathered at several points across the city to protest against Kremlin rule (The Independent, 2 February 2009);

As it is, here is a risk Vorkuta will become an economic ghetto for those who cannot afford to leave (The Guardian, 23 February 2009);

In Yor Shor, Karp Belgayev and his family have stayed on by force of circumstance rather than choice (The Guardian, 23 February 2009);

This raises serious questions about the legitimacy of the election here in Sochi (The Guardian, 13 April 2009).

3. ( ). :

His article was titled Novocherkassk 2009, a reference to a massacre in 1962 when Soviet troops killed 22 workers in the city of Novocherkassk ( + + ) (Times Online, 26 January 2009);

In Vladivostok, 2,000 protesters took to the streets, with some carrying banners reading Kremlin, we are against you ( + ) (The Independent, 2 February 2009);

A decade ago more than 5,000 people lived in this village about 70 miles beyond the Arctic Circle in Russias far north ( + + ) (The Guardian, 23 February 2009).

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While Britain was paralysed by 15cm of snow, Russia was today working normally. People travelling to offices and schools encountered no serious problems despite the fact residents in Moscow woke up to -24C temperatures. Moscow's major airports functioned without delay. The metro worked. Tourists and locals conceded that it was a bit parky in Moscow, but said this was no reason for the country to collapse.

All of this raises the obvious question: why are the Brits so hopelessly inept when it comes to a bit of a chill?

"We have a culture [in Britain] of people liking to moan" (The Guardian, 2 February) - (Frederic Bernas), , .

4. ( ). , Putin, ommunism, Gulag, KGB, The Kremlin. :

The dramatic slopes and glens around Krasnaya Polyana are clothed in primeval forest, which is home to leopards, brown bear and lynx ( ) (The Guardian, 17 March 2009);

Sochi's virgin alpine forests (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

, ( , 2014 ):

there is [in Sochis forests] already a decrease in bio-diversity (The Guardian, 17 March 2009);

Environmental campaigners say construction work has already had a disastrous effect on local wildlife, with Sochi's bear population dwindling by a third. Builders have excavated so much sand from the coastal city's Mzymta river that the river ecology has changed, they add (The Guardian, 17 March 2009);

beyond the Arctic Circle in Russia's far north winter temperatures drop to -50C (-58F) and blizzards sweep down from the North Pole, burying cars and whisking roofs from houses (The Guardian, 23 February 2009);

Life isn't easy in Vorkuta. In January and February a low sun smudges the sky for only a few hours, and in summer, clouds of mosquitoes, each as big as a thumbnail, hover over the marshes (The Guardian, 23 February 2009).

:

Its [Russian] economy is in serious trouble after years of neglected reforms, over-reliance on commodities and a failure to tackle rampant corruption (The Guardian, 20 January 2009);

The FSB, or rogue elements within it, ultra-nationalists, and corrupt Mafia-style businessmen form a circle of violence (New Statesman, 5 February 2009);

But Russian Bureaucrats had other ideas (The Times, 12 February 2009);

Advocates argue that the system is evidence of Mr Medvedevs determination to root out corruption in Russias inefficient bureaucracy (The Times, 23 February 2009);

The armed forces, especially the less prestigious units, were beset by corruption even in the late Soviet period. But it escalated through the 1990s, as troops hawked everything they could (The Independent, 19 March 2009);

Russian police have long suffered from an image problem, with a reputation for brutality, corruption and professional incompetence (The Times, 27 March 2009);

It's important to find someone who can be controlled and who will turn a blind eye to corruption, Ilya Yashin, Nemtsov's manager, said (The Guardian, 27 April, 2009).

, , , , :

Russians are very worried about the economy as wage cuts and layoffs hit (The Guardian, 20 January 2009);

We are the last survivors (The Guardian, 23 February 2009) - , , ;

Far from being supported for living in this outpost, locals have to pay more for goods that are hauled in on the 40-hour train from Moscow in the absence of a road link (The Guardian, 23 February 2009);

Pensioners and long-term residents of the far north should get a government voucher to help buy a new home, but tens of thousands stay on waiting lists indefinitely (The Guardian, 23 February 2009);

pensions are now 40 times less than what MPs earn. People have to survive on 4,000 roubles (£86) a month (The Guardian 19 March 2009).

, :

wealthy Muscovites were spending their petro-dollars at GUM, the luxury department store on Red Square (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

 

2.4

. , .

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, The Kremlin, the Russian Government, the oligarchs, the security services, the siloviki, the State Duma. , -- :

this grizzly old Russian bear (The Independent, 7 January 2009);

In Russia, an undemocratic government (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009);

Putins pseudo-democracy (The Guardian, 4 March 2009);

The authoritarian system of government appeared invincible while the country was awash with oil revenue (Times Online, 26 January 2009);

The problem was that real democracy didnt last long, at least not in Russia (New Statesman, 5 February 2009);

The siloviki have been used to sharing out the spoils of the state (The Guardian, 3 March 2009).

The billionaire Russian owner of London's Evening Standard was disqualified today from standing as a candidate for mayor of Sochi, in an apparent setback for President Dmitry Medvedev and his attempt to portray Russia as a modern democracy (The Guardian, 13 April 2009).

, :

In Russia, to become successful one must have serious connections, either in politics or in intelligence, or both (The Sunday Times, 6 January 2009).

.

- .. ( ), , .. . , (), ( ) () ( ) .

- . , : Russias President, The President of the Russian Federation, President Vladimir Putin, President Putin of Russia, The Prime Minister, and The President, Putin, Russia's inscrutable president. -, , , .. .. . . :

Dmitry Medvedev, the Putin protégé elevated to the presidency last year (The Guardian, 19 February 2009);

As Putin's former chief of staff and then deputy prime minister, he was expected by many critics to act as no more than a figurehead for the previous president's continued domination (The Guardian, 19 January 2009);

The president can often be seen shaking hands with foreign leaders, exchanging gifts or signing treaties (The Guardian, 19 January 2009), It is Vladimir Putin who answers the questions, makes the speeches and outlines policy proposals (The Guardian, 19 January 2009).

, , :

One person is in control, and it's not Medvedev And the strangest thing is that nobody even tries to pretend governance happens in any other way: Putin knows, the media knows, the people know. And surely Medvedev knows (The Guardian, 19 January 2009).

, .. ( ):

Putin has every intention of holding on to power, deploying every tactic available to him to enhance Russian influence (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009);

Putin is also driven by a desire to revive a lost empire, the Soviet Union (The Guardian, 23 January 2009);

, :

Russian oil and gas are his weapons of choice in a battle to reassert Russian dominance over its lost empire, to weaken European resistance to that grand design, and to reclaim respect and fear for Russia as a great power (The Times, 15 January 2009);

These pipelines are key to Mr Putin's divide-and-rule strategy (The Times, 15 January 2009);

Putin is a master tactician able to deploy the right weapon at the right time. In Ukraine, Putin has demonstrated his might by refusing to supply gas until Kiev agrees to a humiliating 40% price increase. In Georgia, he has adopted a gradualist policy that began with influence and ends with annexation (The Guardian, 23 January 2009);

Putin is happy to project his cultivated image as a stoic figure of authority, the heroic leader who revived Russia's global standing and transformed the ailing state into a major emerging power (The Guardian, 19 January 2009).

- :

it is designed to prepare the former KGB operative for a return to power in the long run (The Guardian, 19 January 2009);

Rumours persist that Mr Putin plans a return to the Kremlin, perhaps even this year, to try to hold the system together (The Guardian, 26 January 2009).

.. :

Putin is playing games and most of them breach the health and safety regulations of global diplomacy on a massive scale (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009);

The Russian Prime Minister has done what no Soviet leader did - made Russia's key national asset an instrument of political blackmail. He has done it before, in 2006; he could do it again (The Times, 15 January 2009);

.. , , :

One says "he" [Putin] because nobody is in any doubt about who runs Gazprom, the Russian gas giant. The highly public way in which Putin ordered the chief executive of Gazprom to cut off the supply to Ukraine, on television, was done for deliberate effect: the Tsar issued a command and was instantly obeyed (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009);

Mr Putin introduced the measure to protect domestic car producers, controlled by Kremlin favourites (Times Online, 26 January 2009);

Any candidate standing for office in Sochi will be another of Mr Putin's playthings; a puppet whose strings are twisted by a fist in the Kremlin (The Times, 18 March 2009).

in the Russian state-controlled media (The Guardian, 20 January);

State-controlled television is playing down the crisis, and most newspapers are also toeing the Kremlin line (The Independent, 2 February 2009);

Soft censorship defines the media landscape, and editors know instinctively which boundaries not to cross (the most important rule: never criticize Putin) (The Observer, 12 April 2009);

Russian television and most other newspapers, all under Putins thumb (The Observer, 12 April 2009).

(Vladimir Putins regime) , , , :

Russia is now a gangster state - formally a democracy but in reality nothing of the kind - where the murder of Kremlin critics can take place with impunity (The Guardian, 28 January 2009);

as ever in Russia when opponents of the regime are mysteriously gunned down - no police at the scene The murders of these Kremlin foes - journalists, lawyers and critics of Russias security services - all have a common theme. Nobody is ever caught and punished (The Guardian, 28 January 2009);

The critics of Vladimir Putin have a strange habit of being found shot or stabbed or poisoned (The Independent, 25 February 2009);

Human rights groups and opposition journalists in Russia fear they are under siege following the murder of a lawyer and journalist by a gunman (The Financial Times, 23 January 2009);

The committee to Protect Journalists estimates that at least 49 have been killed in Russia since 1992. Only in Iraq and Algeria it is more dangerous to be a journalist (New Statesman, 5 February 2009).

, .. .. , :

Dmitry Medvedev has also been making waves, prompting speculation that he is looking towards a post-Putin era (The Guardian, 19 February 2009);

Medvedev has begun to issue muffled criticism of his mentor (The Guardian, 3 March 2009);

Medvedev said responses to the financial crisis - set by Putin as head of government - were "unacceptably slow" and instead of action on promised reforms there had been only "talking and talking" He [Medvedev] has given tacit approval for his administration to engage in an information war with Putin's apparatus (The Guardian, 3 March 2009);

Mr Medvedev has opted for regular interviews on state television to explain Kremlin policy to the public For Russians, long used to being lied to by their leaders, it was refreshingly honest. Mr Medvedev has also ordered ministers to go out and explain their work to the public after complaining that the Government was "working very slowly" If Mr Medvedev has really seized on the economic difficulties as an opportunity to foster a more pluralist and tolerant politics, then the crisis may turn out to be good news for Russians after all (Times Online, 16 March 2009);

Some see Mr Medvedevs new activity as an attempt to pull away from Mr Putins influence (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

Mr Medvedev, who was swept into the Kremlin last year with the backing of Mr Putin, has begun to emerge as a more independent player (The Independent, 2 February 2009);

Mr Medvedev may be plotting a more independent course from Vladimir Putin (The Financial Times, 29 January 2009).

.. - :

His status as the first Russian president with no known links to the old Communist party or Soviet secret service was music to western ears (The Guardian, 19 January 2009).

 

2.5

. : Russians, nation, Russian people, ordinary Russians; : pensioners, youngs, teenager; : journalists, managers, schoolteachers, headmistress, lawyers, : oligarchs, elite, tycoon, businessmen:

Ordinary Russians are feeling the pinch as factories struggle to stay afloat and companies lay off employees (The Independent, 2 February 2009);

Russians, of course, are used to snow (The Guardian, 2 February 2009);

After weeks without a reply the teenager was suddenly summoned to see her headmistress at her village school in Kalitvensky near Rostov... (The Times, 6 February 2009);

Four years ago impoverished pensioners rocked the government into improving benefits (The Independent, 17 February 2009);

The tycoon who bought the Evening Standard in January said he was undaunted and would continue his campaign (The Guardian, 13 April 2009);

the existence of two centres of authority is creating friction inside the elite (Times Online, 26 January 2009);

The elites are better informed than the rest of the population, have more to lose, and understand just how bad things are (The Independent, 2 February);

the focus will be on defending the currency and preventing banks and oligarchs, many of whom have huge debts to Western banks, from ruin (The Independent, 2 February 2009).

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:

Roman Abramovich has lost more than $20bn, according to Bloomberg, though he is believed to have large cash stocks and was less indebted to banks than some counterparts;

Oleg Deripaska, Russia's richest man last year, had lost $28.4bn moving him into the red;

Vladimir Potanin reportedly lost $13.2bn after his stock in the company plunged by 65 per cent, fuelling rumours of an imminent merger;

Alisher Usmanov, the metals billionaire and Arsenal shareholder, has reportedly suffered losses of more than $14bn;

Alexei Mordashov, steel magnate, has lost up to three-quarters of his $22bn paper fortune (The Independent, 5 February 2009).

, , , ( , ) , ( , ):

Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechnyas pro-Kremlin president (The Sunday Times, 26 April 2009);

Andrei Lugovoy, a former KGB officer and now member of the Russian parliament (The Times, 25 March 2009);

Mikhail Gorbachev yesterday joined a chorus of influential Russians criticising the handling of the economic crisis (The Observer, 18 January 2009);

Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov and communist Yuri Dzaganiya (The Guardian, 13 April 2009);

Russia's anti-Kremlin Solidarity party, headed by the opposition leader and former chess champion Garry Kasparov (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

- ( ). .

-, Standard Evening: The tycoon bought the Evening Standard in January (The Guardian, 13 April 2009).

-, , : He is alone among Russias super-rich to criticise the Kremlin openly (The Times, 23 January 2009);

he says things the other oligarchs would not dare utter, especially when he publicly criticises the government, , , : On the other hand, this being Russia, it would be a mistake to think of him as an opposition figure. In my view hes closer to those in power than he likes to admit publicly (The Sunday Times, 18 January 2009).

-, , : While the average Russian oligarch was flaunting fur and partying hard in the ski resort of Courchevel earlier this month, Alexander Lebedev went on holiday to the desert One of the most intriguing aspects of Lebedev is his playfulness and complexity. Sometimes you never quite know whether he is joking.

So who is this guy: tinker, tailor, media mogul, philanthropist or spy? (The Sunday Times, 18 January 2009).

, . (, , ), (), (), , : , (). , , , .

Markelov was one of Russia's most famous human rights defenders and a close colleague of the murdered opposition journalist Anna Politkovskaya. They had worked on numerous cases - travelling to Chechnya together and representing Chechens whose relatives had disappeared (The Guardian, 28 January 2009);

On 13 January, Umar Israilov, an opponent of Chechnya's president, Ramzan Kadyrov, was shot dead in Vienna, again in broad daylight;

Igor Domnikov, Novaya Gazeta reporter, was attacked and died from head injuries in 2000;

Paul Klebnikov, the American-Russian journalist, was shot in Moscow in 2004, a year after publishing a book about a Chechen warlord, and after publishing lists of oligarchs in the Russian Forbes;

In 2008, Magomed Yevloyev, owner of the Ingushetia.ru website, which reported on human rights abuses during counter-terrorist operations in Ingushetia, was killed in a police car, according to Human Rights Watch (New Statesman, 5 February 2009).

, , , , :

Britain's extradition request for former KGB agent Andrei Lugovoi, wanted in connection with the Litvinenko murder, meanwhile remains blocked (The Guardian, 13 April 2009);

But despite extensive documented claims, this suspect has not been charged and the Kremlin has refused Britain's extradition requests (The Independent, 25 February 2009).

Alexander Litvinenko was a Russian agent sent to Chechnya in the 1990s. He believed he was fighting terrorism - but he was startlet by what he found Litvinenko began to speak out against the assault on Chechnya His food was spiked with nuclear material in a restaurant in Central London, and he died in agony, of radiation poisoning. The trail of nuclear material ran quite literally through British Airways planes back to Moscow (The Independent, 25 February 2009).

, - . , , .

it comes against a backdrop of officially blessed harassment and persecution in Russia against human rights organisations - against anyone, in fact, who challenges the Kremlin's monopoly on power (The Guardian, 28 January 2009).

(). , . , , , : , :

Just as bureaucrats in Moscow target huge resources to develop offshore Arctic gas fields and build new oil pipelines, the north is dying. Every year, thousands of people are fleeing to warmer climes. Whole settlements are abandoned. Put together, Murmansk, Norilsk and Vorkuta, the three biggest Arctic cities in the world - all in Russia - have lost almost a third of inhabitants since 1989;

A decade ago more than 5,000 people lived in this village about 70 miles beyond the Arctic Circle in Russia's far north, where winter temperatures drop to -50C (-58F) and blizzards sweep down from the North Pole, burying cars and whisking roofs from houses. The population today? Ten (The Guardian, 23 February).

, , , .. , :

Despite a sharp economic downturn that has left almost six million Russians out of work, the country's prime minister and former president, Vladimir Putin, remains unusually popular. 74% of Russians still approve of the job he is doing, according to a survey this month by the state-run pollster, Public Opinion Research ordinary Russians have given Putin their unquestioning political support (The Guardian, 19 February 2009).

 

2.6

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Eight months after President Medvedev signed a peace agreement to end the war with Georgia last August, Russias military occupation continues At least three Russian tanks are dug in around the checkpoint on a narrow mountain road leading to the town of Akhalgori, their guns pointing south towards Georgias capital, Tbilisi Russia is breaking the ceasefire (The Times, 11 April 2009).

- (a team from the European Unions Monitoring Mission, a 200-strong force overseeing the ceasefire), , , : We have made it very clear that their checkpoints are not in the right place, said Steve Bird, the missions spokesman in Georgia. We are still putting pressure on them to move back but the Russians have decided that this is a strategic point and have put a lot of troops there. Mr Medvedev recognised the independence of South Ossetia after the war and Russia has a bilateral agreement to station troops on its territory. Russia has stationed 3,800 troops in South Ossetia and Georgias other breakaway region of Abkhazia (The Times, 11 April 2009).

, :

Defence experts point to speculation that Russian forces in Abkhazia would help bolster security round the nearby Russian resort of Sochi which will host the Winter Olympics in 2014;

Diplomats also believe Russia urgently needs to find another warm water port in the Black Sea because the lease on its base at Sevastopol expires in 2017 (The Financial Times, 29 January 2009).

, , :

Obama has accepted the view of last Augusts events that most EU and Nato members take. They may not say it in public, but they think Georgia started an unnecessary war and Russia was bound to retaliate (The guardian 7 April 2009).

, , , , :

Russia won everything it wanted. It has kept its presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Georgias breakaway provinces. It has undermined Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgias President, in the eyes of the White House and Georgians themselves. The question of Nato expansion (to Ukraine, Georgia and anywhere else) is now off the agenda (The Times, 20 March 2009).

. , , , , :

This is more of a commercial row between energy companies over payments. Gazprom is demanding money it says it is owed by the Ukrainian state energy company, Naftogaz. Ukraine says it has paid. But the actual sum remains in contention, as does the price of future supplies. Gazprom stopped supplying gas to Ukraine on New Year's Day (The Guardian, 7 January 2009);

, . , :

Any pretence that this is a commercial row between a gas supplier and a customer is ridiculous Putin was punishing the Government of President Yushchenko for its ambitions of joining Nato and the EU (The Times, 8 January 2009);

This is a Kremlin cold war against Ukraines dream of belonging to the West (The Times, 15 January 2009);

Ukraine accuses Moscow of manipulating supplies and railed against Ukraines efforts to seek Nato membership (The Times, 6 January 2009).

(The increase that Russia demanded made up double last years rate (The Times, 8 January 2009);

Last year he [Putin] sold gas to Ukraine at bargain basement prices, now he wants much more (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009)), 1 2009 , , () :

Russia stopped supplies to Ukraine on New Years Day in a dispute over price rises (The Times, 13 January 2009);

Russia has been worse, in its peremptory demand for a more than doubling of gas prices to Ukraine, which no Ukrainian leader could accept and survive (The Times, 15 January 2009).

, , :

Germany gets nearly half of its gas from Russia ... Italy gets about one-third of its gas from Russia ... The UK gets about 2% of its gas from Russia (The Herald, 9 January 2009).

, . , (Bulgaria, Slovakia, Finland, Bosnia, Macedonia and Turkey rely exclusively on Russia for their gas supplies):

Within 48 hours of the Russian switch-off, schools and hospitals were closing in Slovakia, Romania (Scotland On Sunday, 11 January 2009);

Bulgaria, which relies totally on Russian gas piped through Ukraine and has seen whole towns cut off in freezing temperatures (The Times, 13 January 2009);

The leaders of the worst-hit countries, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Moldova, went to Moscow to plead with their former imperial overlord for mercy and for fuel to power the radiators for millions of households. Moldova has already asked the EU for heaters and blankets to counter the impact of a severe winter without its main energy source (The Guardian, 15 January 2009).

, , , - :

Russia and Ukraine are both wrong, but Russia is more so Ukraines leaders have tried to have it both ways, wanting independence from Russia but not wanting to pay the market price for gas. But Russia has been worse (The Times, 15 January).

In previous disputes, the west broadly saw Russia as bad and Ukraine as good. This time the judgments are much more qualified and balanced. The blame is shared, in European eyes. Nobody believes the Russians or the Ukrainians in their claims and counter-claims (The Guardian, 12 January 2009).

, , ,

both Moscow and Kiev had blown their credibility as energy suppliers to Europe (The Guardian, 15 January 2009);

Russia's credibility has been hammered again (The Guardian, 12 January 2009)

, , :

The real cost Russia will come from loss of its support within the EU (The Times, 8 January 2009);

But in the EU, he is more likely to have persuaded them urgently to cut their dependence on Russian gas (The Times, 8 January 2009);

Russias periodic confrontations have forced the West to seek other sources and types of energy as swiftly as possible. Turning off the taps turns off not only supplies but trust, reliability and long-term credibility (The Times, 6 January 2009).

, , . , , . (the scramble for territorial rights over the Arctic, which has been dubbed the new Cold War) , , , , - (The retreat of the ice cap also offers the chance of extracting the huge oil and gas reserves believed to lie in fields around the North Pole). , :

Russia has prepared a national directive, laying claim to large parts of the region. . Britain, Canada, the US, China, Norway, Denmark and the EU all are preparing different claims. Canada doubled its funding for mapping the seabed last year In the final weeks of his presidency, George W.Bush issued the USs strategy for the region (The Times, 6 February 2009).

, , :

In August 2007 a submarine planted a Russian flag under the Pole, more than 4,000 metres deep, on a stretch of seabed that Russia claims as its own. The stunt was regarded by many as ridiculous, an irrelevant military gesture that was no substitute for a legal claim. But in a country where the rule of law is less solid than the military, some politicians regarded it as a useful first step (The Times, 6 February 2009).

- . 2006 , (Britain's fraught relationship with Moscow, following the Alexander Litvenko affair). , , , (Andrei Lugovoi the former KGB agent suspected of poisoning Alexander Litvinenko, the Russian dissident, which he denies). (Britain's extradition request for former KGB agent Andrei Lugovoi remains blocked).

, The Times, ( ) ( ), . , , :

Relations with Britain are a fraction better, helped by a meeting with Gordon Brown at the G8 summit last summer (which marked a decision on the British side to try to lift the chill) (The Times, 20 March 2009);

The tone has improved, the Ambassador told The Times. The access for now is good. We are putting substance behind it. There are a range of issues where we need to engage Russia (The Times, 25 March 2009).

, , :

Russia is not a threat to the West, she said. You have to distinguish between image projection, power projection and rhetoric versus reality (The Times, 25 March 2009).

Britain remains a popular destination for Russians because of its schools, business-friendly reputation, and courts which rarely send exiles back (The Guardian, 27 January 2009).

, , . -:

Historically, the ideological hawks on Russia were the Democrats. They were the ones who founded Nato in 1949 it was Jack Kennedy who summoned the west to a crusade against communism. The US, he promised, was ready to pay any price, bear any burden, and meet any hardship in the common struggle. But Bushs policy was perhaps the most ferocious foreign policy ideologue ever to have occupied the White House. He tore up the anti-ballistic missile treaty and expanded Nato into the Baltics. (The Guardian, 7 April 2009).

2008 (The Ice Melts, The US - Russia Thaw Could Start Here). , ,

Pressing the reset button has become the favourite metaphor of the Obama administration's policy towards Russia. (The Guardian, 7 April 2009);

The Obama Administration is reviewing the policy (The Times, 29 January 2009),

, , , :

and the Russians have clearly calculated that now is the time to tender an olive branch (The Times, 29 January 2009).

, - , :

It should be the beginning of a thaw, a significant step towards a more grown-up relationship between the US and Russia. Reports that Moscow has abandoned plans to deploy tactical missiles in Kaliningrad augur well. The Kremlin's olive branch is a response to suggestions from Barack Obama's camp that the new US president will take a hard look at the whole American missile defence project (The Guardian, 28 January 2009);

Russian defence officials announced that they had halted plans to deploy missiles near the Polish border. If the decision is confirmed, it would make it easier for America's new president to shelve the missile defence shield planned for Poland and the Czech Republic (The Guardian, 29 January 2009).

, :

Russian and American negotiators began work at the weekend on their ambitious plans to rid the world of nuclear weapons. The talks are intended to produce a new agreement to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Start) that expires in December. This time, however, both sides are committed to cutting their arsenals (The Times, 27 April 2009).

, :

Better relations with Russia could help American attempts to limit Irans nuclear programme;

Improved ties with the Kremlin could come in handy in Afghanistan, where America is sending thousands of reinforcements. Russia offers the only viable alternative (The Times, 29 January 2009).

, , . - : at the moment, it is difficult to say how much of a relationship exists between the US and Russia (The Guardian, 29 January 2009).


2.7

, [ , 1998: 1393].

( 7 ).

, , , , , , .

, 8,8% (As a result of the global financial crisis, gross domestic product shrank by 8.8%), , , , The Economist : Depending on the price of oil, it could shrink by 5% or even 10% of GDP.

. , 30% :

The rouble has lost more than 30% of its value against the dollar (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

The rouble has plunged by almost 40 per cent in six months despite the expense of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign currency in its defence (The Times, 5 February 2009).

, , :

The Kremlin has also spent over $200 billion of its reserves to cushion the devaluation of the rouble (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

Russias Government yesterday threw a $40 billion (£27.6 billion) lifeline to its banks as the rouble suffered another pounding (The Times, 5 February 2009).

, , 0%, :

Having spent weeks predicting that the economy would show zero growth or perhaps a small contraction this year, the economy ministry now admits it will probably shrink by 2.2% (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

economic growth is expected to decline to zero this year, that's still a lot better than anyone else is likely to achieve (The Independent, 5 February 2009).

, , , 1998 :

The news from Russia has gone from bad to worse in recent weeks. The economy looks likely to contract by 5% this year, which would be close to the drop in output witnessed during the 1998 rouble crisis, said Neil Shearing, emerging Europe economist at consultants Capital Economics (The Guardian, 17 March 2009);

the situation for businesses is far worse than 1998, [] Stephen Dalziel, executive director of the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce (The Guardian, 17 March 2009)

, , , :

the financial crisis in Russia is much worse than in Britain (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

(Russia gets the downgrade): , , , . , - - " ", , :

Russia is the only member of the G8 to have experienced the indignity of a downgrade since the credit crunch began (The Independent, 5 February 2009);

First G8 nation to have rating downgraded since start of global financial crisis (The Independent, 5 February 2009).

The leading credit ratings agency Fitch added to Russia's economic woes yesterday by downgrading its rating on the country's sovereign debt to BBB (The Independent, 5 February 2009).

, , , - . , , , .

, , , :

Russia is the only member of the G8 still officially classified as an emerging market (The Independent, 5 February 2009);

Russia qualifies to be a G8 country only by virtue of its superpower inheritance. Its GDP is smaller than that of most European countries. It may be fully industrialised, but it is still in many respects an emerging economy (The Independent, 5 February 2009).

, , :

hundreds of thousands of Russians lost their jobs (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

About 500,000 Russians are waiting to be paid late wages Many more have seen the factories on which their livelihoods depend cutting production or even halting assembly lines (The Economist, 19 February 2009).

- - , - :

The biggest problem for now is monocities One example is Tolyatti in the Volga, where about 60% of the population are involved in Lada production. The plant is in trouble so most of the population of the city will be unemployed (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

, 2005 :

Russias unemployment rate rose to 7.7% in December, the highest rate since November 2005. That, the government said, meant 5.8m Russians were out of work.

, - :

The unofficial unemployment rate is, however, much higher and many Russians who say they have jobs are in fact on indefinite unpaid leave (The Economist, 19 February 2009).

Unemployment is widely expected to soar to 12% this year (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

unemployment is expected to rise to 10 million by the end of the year (The Economist, 19 February 2009).

: , , :

As unemployment spirals, industrial production slumps, inflation gallops, the rouble slides and the budget creaks, ordinary Russians are wondering what is going on. Polls show that manyover half the populationhave little idea of what the government is doing to help them (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

With mass unemployment could come mass unrest (The Guardian, 17 March 2009);

the country was now facing a profound economic crisis, with soaring unemployment raising the spectre of social unrest this year (The Times, 29 January 2009).

, , -, , , . , :

Several demonstrations have already taken place as hundreds of thousands of people have lost their jobs or had their salaries cut, but the authorities have been quick to shut them down Authorities are absolutely terrified of social unrest, the idea of a spontaneous explosion of unrest. If there were to be a mass demonstration somewhere, there could be a domino effect. I really don't think anyone in authority knows what to do (The Guardian, 17 March 2009).

, , :

many analysts agree that in the long-term Russia is still a good investment opportunity (The Independent, 5 February 2009);

Its [Russian] large internal market is also an attractive long-term bet for foreign companies (The Times, 29 January 2009).

, , - :

Nevertheless, the belt-tightening has not stopped Russia from doling out billions of dollars worth of loans to former Soviet republics such as Kyrgyzstan and Belarus to extend its geopolitical interests (The Economist, 19 February 2009);

Russia was also supporting its neighbours with loans. In response to requests that had been made for assistance, he said that Russia would lend $2 billion to Belarus, $500 million to Armenia and $2 billion to Kyrgyzstan (The Times, 5 February 2009).

, - , . , , , , .. , , .

 

2.8

, , . . , .. . The Sunday Times :

He [Putin] wants Ukrainians to vote en masse for Russias singer Perhaps he will refuse to turn the gas taps back on until they do so. Or is this a prelude to what will be known as the Eurovision war of 2009: Russia denounces as a provocation the refusal of its former province to vote for the motherland and invades Ukraine to defend the historic symbiosis of cultures (The Sunday Times, 4 January 2009).

(Terry Wogan) , - , :

Following Russia's victory last year, Wogan said: Those who care will have had it up to here with the blatant political voting. Russia's entry, Believe by Dima Bilan, received a maximum 12 points from six neighbouring countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia (The Sunday Times, 4 January 2009).

, , , . , , .

, , ,

Over the centuries, Russia has given the world many artistic masterpieces, from Andrei Rublev's medieval church icons to Ilya Repin's intense portrait of Ivan the Terrible killing his own son, and Marc Chagall's modernist flights of fancy. (The Independent, 15 January 2009).

, .. :

In 2009, however, a new name is set to rock the Russian art world Vladimir Putin;

This year we are being treated to Putin the Artist (The Independent, 15 January 2009).

.. , :

It is unclear just how much of the final artwork can be put down to Mr Putin's talents. It was given to a professional artist after he had finished it, to be touched up. However, the work is signed V.Putin in large letters at the top of the canvas (The Independent, 15 January 2009).

.

, , , , , .. .

 

2.9

. , , , . : the Bolshevik revolution, the civil war, Stalins purges, Gulag, the Thaw, perestroika, politburo. Soviet era, Soviet Union : :

(A Country with No Memory), , . (social amnesia) , memories were no longer transmitted freely between generations:

In the Soviet era the pre-Soviet past was forgotten, and in the post-Soviet era the Soviet past was also in danger of being forgotten. (New Statesman, 5 February 2009).

, , , , , (whitewashing Stalin) :

The Kremlin has been actively for the rehabilitation of Stalin. Its aim is not to deny Stalin's crimes but to emphasise his achievements as the builder of the country's "glorious Soviet past". It wants Russians to take pride in their Soviet past and not to be burdened with a paralysing sense of guilt about the repressions of the Stalin period (The Guardian, 4 March 2009).

, , :

In December last year, the offices of Memorial, the most important NGO dedicated to documenting the human rights atrocities of Stalinism, were raided. Thirty hard-drives containing 20 years of interviews and archival material about the Gulag and post-Stalinist political persecution were confiscated (New Statesman, 5 February 2009),

:

Vladimir Putin called on Russia's schoolteachers to portray the Stalin period in a more positive light. It was Stalin who made Soviet Union great, who won the war against Hitler Textbooks dwelling on the Great Terror and the Gulag have been censored; historians attacked as "anti-patriotic" for highlighting Stalin's crimes. The administration has its own textbook, The Modern History of Russia, 1945-2006: A Teacher's Handbook (The Guardian, 4 March 2009),

, ( its aim is to present Russian history "not as a depressing sequence of misfortunes and mistakes but as something to instil pride in one's country" (The Guardian, 4 March 2009)).

:

Russians have been scouring the past in the hope of finding lessons for today. It is as though Russians want to go back to where they were before modernisation was so crudely interrupted, and and try to do it properly the second time around. (The Independent, 17 February 2009).

, ( ). , 1 (for all the horrified foreign reaction to his prominence):

Stolypin was the acceptable face of Russian reform. He tried to defuse peasant unrest by encouraging a new class of small land-owners. He was also a stickler for law and order, introducing summary justice to tackle a spate of assassinations and police killings (The Independent, 17 February 2009).

, (former): former KGB agent (officer) - 16 , former Soviet Union former Soviet bloc - 4 , former superpower(empire) - 3 , former maritime giant - 1 .

1. , :

  ;

  ;

  ;

  ;

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  ;

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2. , , , .

3. , , , , , .

4. , :

- , , , .

- : 85% , , , , , , , .

: . : , .

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: , . :

1. .

2. : () , () , , .

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5. , , , , .

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, , , , , . , , .. , , , . , , , , , . . , .

1.  , .. : [] / .. // . . . / . .. . - ..-, 2002. - . 3-7.

2.  , .. [] / .. . - : , 1999. - 274.

3.  , .. : - [] / .. . - . 5-. - .: , 2007. - 384. ( XX ).

4.  , .. - , []: / .. . : [. .], 1998. - 41.

5.  , .. [] / .. ; .. // . . . 56. - 1997. - 1. - . 11-21.

6.  , .. : . [] / .. . - .: - . -, 2002. - 256 .

7.  , .. [] / .. // : . . . - .: , 1994. - . 87-110.

8.  , .. : []: . - . . - .: , 1991.

9.  , .. []: / ... - : - . -, 2001.- 123 .

10.  [] / .. . - . 2-, . - .: , 1998. - . 1393.

11.  , .. , , : [] / .. // - 2001 - 1. - . 64-72.

12.  , .. , . [] // : . - .: , 1988. XXIII. . 153-211.

13.  , .. . . []: . . / . .. ; . .. ; . . .. .. . - .: , 1989. - 312.

14.  , .. [] / .. // / .., .., .., ..; .. . - .: . .. , 1996. - .187-189.

15.  , .. [] / .. // / .., .., .., ..; .. . - .: . .. , 1996. - .189-191.

16.  , .. : [] / .. // ii iï. - , 1997. - . 2.

17.  , .. : [] / .. // i . . i . - . - 1999. - . 11.

18.  , .. . [] / .. // , , : . / . . .. ; .. . - .: , 2002. - . 22. - . 58-65.

19.  , .. : ? [] / .. . - ., 2003.

20.  , .. [] : / .. . [..], 2005. - 21.

21.  , .. [] / .. // : - , , 14 - 18 2005 . - : - , 2005. - .1. - . 229 - 235.

22.  , .. - [] / .. // . . . / . .. . - ..-, 2002. - . 487-482.

23.  , .. [] / .. . .: , 2003. . 153 - 156.

24.  , .. [] / .. // . - : Sancta lingua, 2000. - . 2. - . 114-124.

25.  , .. [] / .. . .: Academia, 2001. 204 .

26.  , . []: . . / . .. . - .: , 1979. - 151.

27.  , .. : []: . / .. . - : ӻ, 2007. - 147 .

28.  , .. []: / .. . [..], 2007. - 25 .

29.  -, .. [] / .. -. - ., 2000. - 262 .

30.  , . [] / . // . - .: , 1983. - . XII. - . 84-119.

31.  , . [] / . // . - .: , 1988. - . XXIII. - . 53-93.

32.  , .. ? [] / .. // . ., 1999. 2. . 80-94.

33.  , . [] / . // . - ., 1983. - . XII - . I. . 171-207. . II. - . 272-317.

34.  , .. [] / .. // . - .: , 1983. - . XII. - . 35-73.

35.  , . . : (19912000) []: / .. . : . . . -., 2001. 238 .

36.  Bartlett, F.C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psycology. - Cambr.: Cambr. UP, 1932.

37.  Goffman, E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience. - N.Y. etc.: Harper & Row, 1974. - xiii, 586 p. - (Harper Colophon books; 372).

38.  Fauconier, G., Turner M. The Way We Think. - New York, 2002.

39.  Langacker, R.W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. - Stanford, 1987.

40.  Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2000.

41.  [ ] : . - : http://ru.wikipedia.org/

42.  [ ] : . - : http://www.krugosvet.ru/

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52.  http://www.russika.ru/t.php?t=3408

: ..

 

 

 

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. , :