. , , ,

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.

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2011


 

 

́ , IP .

1957 , . (DARPA) . ARPANET. , , .

ARPANET 2 1969 -. 29 1969 21:00 ARPANET, 640 - (UCLA) (SRI) . SRI. SRI .

"LOG", . LOG LOGON ( ). 22:30 . .

1973 , .

1970- , , . , . 1970- , 198283 . . 1 1983 ARPANET NCP TCP/IP, . 1983 "" ARPANET.

1984 ARPANET : (NSF) NSFNet , ́ , ARPANET. 10 . , "" NSFNet.

1988 Internet Relay Chat (IRC), .

1990 ARPANET , NSFNet. .

1995 NSFNet , , .

1990- ( , , ). , , . 1997 10 , 1 . .

, -, , , , - . .

50 . :

,
38
13
10
5

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, , , . . . - , , - , . , - . . - ,

:

  TCP/IP

  POP3

  SMTP

  FTP

  HTTP

  IMAP4

  WAIS

  Gorpher

  WAP

:

 

TCP/IP

TCP/IP , , . . , TCP, , . , IP, . .

TCP/IP


 

HTTP

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol - ) TCP/IP - . HTTP Web-. HTTP . HTTP World Wide Web.

HTTP, , HTTP-. Web- , - , Web-.

, Web-, - - - (HyperText Markup Language, HTML).

, HTTP, : http://www.google.ru

 

FTP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , . FTP FTP, ; , .

FTP , HTTP, 1971 . .

FTP- : ftp://ftp.netscape.com


 

TELNET

( , ) , .

Telnet . . , . Telnet- , , Windows 98.

Telnet , , (Start) (Run) , , : telnet google.ru

( google.ru , , .) Telnet, .

 

WAIS

WAIS Wide-Area Information Servers. . WAIS , . - . - WAIS.

, . , , . , .

, WAIS , , , , .

WAIS : wais://google.ru

 

Gorpher

Gopher - , 1991 . World Wide Web Gopher ( ) . Gopher WWW, , . - Gopher . Gopher , , , telnet- WAIS.

Gopher Web-, .

Gopher : gopher://gopher.tc.umn.edu

 

WAP

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) 1997 Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia Phone.com ( Unwired Planet) , - , , , ., .

, WAP, , Web-, ( ) . WAP, .

,

OSI , OSI

BGP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, POP3, SNMP, SMTP, SSH, Telnet, XMPP (Jabber)

/

SSL, TLS

TCP, UDP

EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IP, IS-IS, OSPF, RIP

Arcnet, ATM, Ethernet, Frame relay, HDLC, PPP, L2TP, SLIP, Token ring


""

 

1)WWW(WorldWideWeb )

 

- , , , . web-. , , 1990 - NeXTSTEP.

 

-


 

:

WWW-, , Internet. , , -, WWW-. , . , .

- , , , . , WWW, HyperText Transfer Protocol, - HTTP.

WWW , , , . . - (, / ) .


 

:

, , . , . , Microsoft Windows. Windows (Help), , Windows .

, WWW- , Internet. , , HyperText Markup Language (HTML), , . , HTML, , , , (markup tags). HTML , ; , , , Internet. , HTML WWW- , .

 

2)

 

- . .

, , " ", . , . , , . ( "" , , , " " , )

, :

  Mail.ru

  Yandex.ru

  Hotmail.ru

  Rambler.ru

  Pochta.ru

  Gmail.ru

( "" " ") .

( -) (, ) , ( ).

, .

 

:

1965 , (MIT) MAIL CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System), IBM 7090/7094.

. , mail ( ), ( ). . foo!joe ( joe foo). . , ( , ) .

DNS, user@example.com user example.com. " ": , ( ), , , , . DNS , . (, ), .

SMTP (. Simple mail transfer protocol ). DNS ( , Microsoft Exchange, SMTP ).

 

:

: S/MIME ( ) Open PGP ( , ).

MOSS PEM, , - , .

S/MIME Open PGP : , (). , S/MIME ( , ).

, . , - ( , , , ).

 

3)IP-

IP VoIP. VoIP - voice over ip . , . , .

VoIP , PSTN

:

-   . VoIP .

-   ,

-   ,

-   ,

-   ,

-   ,

, .

-   , ( SRTP). , , , VoIP. .

-   . - VoIP. , VoIP- , -.

-   , , , , , .

-   , , GSM- IVR . , , , .

: (DID).

 


 

IP- (, IP-) , / , , / . VoIP-:

-   SIP , , , , 5060 UDP. .

-   H.323 , , SIP, 1720 TCP, 1719 TCP .

-   IAX2 4569 UDP- , .

-   MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) .

-   Megaco/H.248 , MGCP.

-   SIGTRAN PSTN -7 IP (SoftSwitch).

-   SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) IP-.

-   SGCP

-   SCCP (Skinny Call Control Protocol) (IP- ) Cisco.

-   Unistim Nortel.


 

IP-, () - , () . , - , ().

1545 , :

-   ( );

-   , , ( ).

. , / .

, , , :

-   ;

-   .

, ( ).

 


 

4)ICQ Skype

- , -. , , , , , . .

, . , . , , . , , . , . . .

, , , . ( ).

, , XMPP, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!. , , . . , ICQ MSN. .

: , . ICQ QIP/QIP Infium, Psi, Trillian, Miranda IM, Pidgin. , , .

IM- , , , . .

 

Skype

, (VoIP), .

Skype . , . . Skype- , , . IM- , () . , Skype Skype .

:

SkypeOut ( )

. , . (, +1 800 ) , , SkypeOut. SkypeOut Skype- c Skype Lite. 180 SkypeOut .

SkypeIn ( )

. : ,, , , , , , , , , , , (). Skype, . Skype . Skype IP-.

Skype Voicemail ( )

10 2005 . , , .

Skype To Go

, ( ) , , Skype.

SMS

SMS Skype .

SkypeCast ( )

SkypeCast Skype ( 150 ). -, , , , , .

Skype Me

, Skype . , Skype Skype Me, , . , ( ), , 4 SkypeMe .

 

5)FTP

 

FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) , . FTP FTP, .


ftp telnet. ftp , , , . ftp ftp , . Internet dial-up ( ).

ftp, , , , . , : ftp. , , : "anonymous". ``'' , . , ftp, .

, (UNIX, VMS ..), ftp-, .

Ftp TCP. ( ..) TCP- 21, -- 20 ().

:

, . FTP, , , FTP . , . , SSL, FTP- FTP-.

: .

 

 

 

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