,,,
:
.
: ..
: ..
2011
́ , IP .
1957 , . (DARPA) . ARPANET. , , .
ARPANET 2 1969 -. 29 1969 21:00 ARPANET, 640 - (UCLA) (SRI) . SRI. SRI .
"LOG", . LOG LOGON ( ). 22:30 . .
1973 , .
1970- , , . , . 1970- , 198283 . . 1 1983 ARPANET NCP TCP/IP, . 1983 "" ARPANET.
1984 ARPANET : (NSF) NSFNet , ́ , ARPANET. 10 . , "" NSFNet.
1988 Internet Relay Chat (IRC), .
1990 ARPANET , NSFNet. .
1995 NSFNet , , .
1990- ( , , ). , , . 1997 10 , 1 . .
, -, , , , - . .
50 . :
, | |
38 | |
13 | |
10 | |
5 |
""
, , , . . . - , , - , . , - . . - ,
:
TCP/IP
POP3
SMTP
FTP
HTTP
IMAP4
WAIS
Gorpher
WAP
:
TCP/IP
TCP/IP , , . . , TCP, , . , IP, . .
TCP/IP
HTTP
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol - ) TCP/IP - . HTTP Web-. HTTP . HTTP World Wide Web.
HTTP, , HTTP-. Web- , - , Web-.
, Web-, - - - (HyperText Markup Language, HTML).
, HTTP, : http://www.google.ru
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , . FTP FTP, ; , .
FTP , HTTP, 1971 . .
FTP- : ftp://ftp.netscape.com
TELNET
( , ) , .
Telnet . . , . Telnet- , , Windows 98.
Telnet , , (Start) (Run) , , : telnet google.ru
( google.ru , , .) Telnet, .
WAIS
WAIS Wide-Area Information Servers. . WAIS , . - . - WAIS.
, . , , . , .
, WAIS , , , , .
WAIS : wais://google.ru
Gorpher
Gopher - , 1991 . World Wide Web Gopher ( ) . Gopher WWW, , . - Gopher . Gopher , , , telnet- WAIS.
Gopher Web-, .
Gopher : gopher://gopher.tc.umn.edu
WAP
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) 1997 Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia Phone.com ( Unwired Planet) , - , , , ., .
, WAP, , Web-, ( ) . WAP, .
,
OSI | , OSI |
BGP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, POP3, SNMP, SMTP, SSH, Telnet, XMPP (Jabber) |
|
/ |
SSL, TLS |
TCP, UDP |
|
EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IP, IS-IS, OSPF, RIP |
|
Arcnet, ATM, Ethernet, Frame relay, HDLC, PPP, L2TP, SLIP, Token ring |
""
1)WWW(WorldWideWeb )
- , , , . web-. , , 1990 - NeXTSTEP.
-
:
WWW-, , Internet. , , -, WWW-. , . , .
- , , , . , WWW, HyperText Transfer Protocol, - HTTP.
WWW , , , . . - (, / ) .
:
, , . , . , Microsoft Windows. Windows (Help), , Windows .
, WWW- , Internet. , , HyperText Markup Language (HTML), , . , HTML, , , , (markup tags). HTML , ; , , , Internet. , HTML WWW- , .
2)
- . .
, , " ", . , . , , . ( "" , , , " " , )
, :
Mail.ru
Yandex.ru
Hotmail.ru
Rambler.ru
Pochta.ru
Gmail.ru
( "" " ") .
( -) (, ) , ( ).
, .
:
1965 , (MIT) MAIL CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System), IBM 7090/7094.
. , mail ( ), ( ). . foo!joe ( joe foo). . , ( , ) .
DNS, user@example.com user example.com. " ": , ( ), , , , . DNS , . (, ), .
SMTP (. Simple mail transfer protocol ). DNS ( , Microsoft Exchange, SMTP ).
:
: S/MIME ( ) Open PGP ( , ).
MOSS PEM, , - , .
S/MIME Open PGP : , (). , S/MIME ( , ).
, . , - ( , , , ).
3)IP-
IP VoIP. VoIP - voice over ip . , . , .
VoIP , PSTN
:
- . VoIP .
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
, .
- , ( SRTP). , , , VoIP. .
- . - VoIP. , VoIP- , -.
- , , , , , .
- , , GSM- IVR . , , , .
: (DID).
IP- (, IP-) , / , , / . VoIP-:
- SIP , , , , 5060 UDP. .
- H.323 , , SIP, 1720 TCP, 1719 TCP .
- IAX2 4569 UDP- , .
- MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) .
- Megaco/H.248 , MGCP.
- SIGTRAN PSTN -7 IP (SoftSwitch).
- SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) IP-.
- SGCP
- SCCP (Skinny Call Control Protocol) (IP- ) Cisco.
- Unistim Nortel.
IP-, () - , () . , - , ().
1545 , :
- ( );
- , , ( ).
. , / .
, , , :
- ;
- .
, ( ).
4)ICQ Skype
- , -. , , , , , . .
, . , . , , . , , . , . . .
, , , . ( ).
, , XMPP, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!. , , . . , ICQ MSN. .
: , . ICQ QIP/QIP Infium, Psi, Trillian, Miranda IM, Pidgin. , , .
IM- , , , . .
Skype
, (VoIP), .
Skype . , . . Skype- , , . IM- , () . , Skype Skype .
:
SkypeOut ( )
. , . (, +1 800 ) , , SkypeOut. SkypeOut Skype- c Skype Lite. 180 SkypeOut .
SkypeIn ( )
. : ,, , , , , , , , , , , (). Skype, . Skype . Skype IP-.
Skype Voicemail ( )
10 2005 . , , .
Skype To Go
, ( ) , , Skype.
SMS
SMS Skype .
SkypeCast ( )
SkypeCast Skype ( 150 ). -, , , , , .
Skype Me
, Skype . , Skype Skype Me, , . , ( ), , 4 SkypeMe .
5)FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) , . FTP FTP, .
ftp telnet. ftp , , , . ftp ftp , . Internet dial-up ( ).
ftp, , , , . , : ftp. , , : "anonymous". ``'' , . , ftp, .
, (UNIX, VMS ..), ftp-, .
Ftp TCP. ( ..) TCP- 21, -- 20 ().
:
, . FTP, , , FTP . , . , SSL, FTP- FTP-.
: .
Copyright (c) 2024 Stud-Baza.ru , , , .