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Linux — ,

. -, . FHS Unix- .

( Unix ) [1-3]. Unix- , (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, FHS).

FHS 1993 Linux. Filesystem Standards Project (FSSTND), 14 1994 . 1995 FSSTND, Linux, Unix- , BSD 4.4. , FHS (www.pathname.com/fhs). , BSD .

-, , , Unix- , . , . (ext2fs, vfat ..). -, Unix- . , , . , , . . , , , , . , , . . , FHS.

FHS :

bin - (), , (, );

boot - , ;

dev - ;

etc - ;

home - ();

lib - ;

lib<alt> - ();

mnt - ;

root - root ();

opt - ;

sbin - ;

tmp - ;

usr - ;

var - .

- ( ) . -, , -, FHS , , . . , , .

/bin , , , , , , , (, ). , , , /usr/bin. /bin ( ): cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, cp, date, dd, df, dmesg, echo, false, hostname, kill, ln, login, ls, mkdir, mknod, more, mount, mv, ps, pwd, rm, rmdir, sed, sh, stty, su, sync, true, umount, uname, csh, ed, tar, cpio, gzip, gunzip, zcat, netstat, ping. /bin .

/boot , , . /, /boot; , , /sbin, /etc.

/dev . , , /dev MAKEDEV, .

/etc , , . FHS /opt, . <package> /etc/opt/package. /etc :

/X11 - X Window;

/sgml - SGML XML;

csh.login - csh;

exports - NFS;

fstab - ;

ftpusers - FTP;

gateways - routed;

gettydefs - , getty;

group - ;

host.conf - ;

hosts - ;

hosts.allow - , ;

hosts.deny - , ;

hosts.equiv - rlogin, rsh, rcp;

hosts.lpd - lpd;

inetd.conf - inetd;

inittab - init;

issue - , ;

ld.so.conf - ;

motd - , ;

mtab - ;

mtools.conf - mtools

networks - ;

passwd - ;

printcap - lpd;

profile - , ;

protocols - IP-;

resolv.conf - ;

rpc - ;

securetty - , root;

services - ;

shells - ;

syslog.conf - syslogd.

mtab , /etc, , .

/home, /home/smith, /home/operator .. ( /home ) , , /home/staff, /home/students. , .

/lib , /bin /sbin. , , , ( , ): libc.so.*, C; ld*, / . /lib , , /usr (, X Window). , libm.so.* /usr/lib, /bin /sbin. /lib , (, 32 64- ), ( /lib32 /lib64).

/mnt . .

/opt FHS . , /opt/<package>, <package> . /opt/<package>/bin, /opt/<package>/man Unix man. , ( ), /var/opt, /etc/opt. /opt, /var/opt /etc/opt, , , . , /var/lock, /dev.

/root . . FHS , , . root . , root, postmaster webmaster .

/sbin ( , root). , (restoring, recovering, and/or repairing the system), /bin. , /sbin, shutdown. , ping, , , /bin. , /sbin, , , setuid setgid. /bin /sbin , , , . , /sbin .

/tmp , . /tmp .

( , , /var) :

/usr/spool -> /var/spool

/usr/tmp -> /var/tmp

/usr/spool/locks -> /var/lock

/usr/local , . , /usr, . . , , /usr.

/usr/share , . , i386, Alpha PowerPC /usr/share, . , , (man, doc) (dict, terminfo, zoneinfo). , , , /usr/share ( /usr/local/share, ). /usr/share :

man ;

misc - , /usr/share;

dict (), words , look ; , , , /usr/share/dict/french, /usr/share/ dict/danish ..;

doc - ();

games - /usr/games ();

info - GNU Info ();

locale - ();

nls - ();

sgml - SGML XML ();

terminfo - terminfo ();

tmac - troff ();

zoneinfo - ().

, /usr/share/games, . , , /var/games.

, man . <mandir>/<locale>/manN/<arch>, <arch> (, i386), <locale> , :

<language>[_<territory>][.<character-set>][,<version>].

/var : , , . /var . /var/log, /var/lock /var/run. , , /var/mail, /var/cache/man, /var/cache/fonts /var/spool/news. /var FHS , /usr . , ( ), /var. , : /var/backups, /var/cron, /var/msgs,

/var/preserve.

/var. . /var/cache . /var/spool, . . , (, ). , , /var. fonts ( ), man ( ), www ( WWW-), <package> ( <package>). /var/cache/man , /usr , , . , /usr (, ) /var/cache/man, cat<section> /usr/share/man.

, , , /var/lock. , LCK.., . /var/lock .

/var/log : lastlog ( ); messages ( syslogd); wtmp ( ).

/var/mail, <username>. Unix.

, /opt, /var/opt/<package>, <package> /opt, , , - /etc. /var/opt/<package> .

/var/run , . /var/run, , . , , (PID). : <program-name>.pid. PID- ASCII, , . , crond 25, /var/run/crond.pid : , . /var/run utmp, , . /var/run.

/var/spool , - : lpd ( ), mqueue ( ), news ( ), uucp ( UUCP) ..

/var/tmp , , .

, (, ). , , , mount. , , . , .

.

.

, . . .

.

, /bin, /dev, /etc, /lib, /sbin , , /root.

/boot , 1024 .

(home, mnt, opt, tmp, usr, var) ( ). , , /usr, /opt /var , . , /var , /var /usr. /var /usr /usr /var , /var /usr/var.

, FHS, Linux BSD. Linux . , Red Hat Linux 7.3 8.0 /etc/opt , , /etc. . FHS, , , Linux, .

http://www.winsov.ru

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