,,,
Wi-Fi
: 6097
. .
2005
802.11
802.11
-
802.11
-
WEP-
WEP-
LAN 802.11
:
:
:
:
AES
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. 2.
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, , (Electronic Code Book, ). , . , - .
.
(initialization vectors, IV).
(feedback modes).
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2.
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, WEP 24- , RC4. . 5 , WEP .
. 5. , WEP
IV-. , WEP-, . . , . LAN.
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WEP- . WEP 802.11.
(payload).
(integrity check value, ICV).
. , ICV. . 6 , , WEP.
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32- (CRC-32). - ICV. ICV , WEP, "" . , ICV ICV . , , . , . . 7 ICV.
. 6.
. 7. ICV
802.11 , WLAN.
(open authentication).
(shared key authentication).
(null authentication algorithm). . , , , 802.11. .
WEP- . , . WEP, BSS . BSS, .
. , , , , . - BSS (. 8).
. 8. WEP-
, , WEP WEP-. .
1. .
2. (challenge frame), .
3. .
4. , .
5. WLAN.
, , , , , WEP- . , , . . 9 .
. 9.
- 802.11. . - - , (. 10). - , 802.11, , . , . BSS WEP-, . 802.11, -.
. 10. -
, 802.11. , , 802.11, . 802.11 , 802.11 WEP.
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. 11.
. 12.
- 802.11, . LAN. -, , "" - "" -.
- 802.11, - (universally administered address, UAA) - (locally administered address, LAA). -, . BSS - , , -.
802.11 (Fluhrer), (Mantin) (Shamir). , WEP- , LAN.
, WEP (key scheduling algorithm, KSA) RC4. ( IV weak IV) . AT&T Rice , WEP- 40 104 4 . LAN 802.11b , , 104- WEP-. WEP .
, BSS . , , , , WEP-, . BSS .
, , , WEP (, ). , , : .
, " WEP-" . , , , . LAN, , .
( " ", bit flipping) (ICV). CRC-32. . CRC-32 ICV, .
, 802.11 . , . (. 13).
1. LAN.
2. (flips random bits) .
3. ICV ( ).
4. .
5. ( ) ICV .
6. ICV , ICV .
7. .
8. ( -).
9. 3 , 3 .
10. IP .
11. LAN, .
12. , , IV.
ICV . ICV WEP ; , , , ? . 14 " " ICV.
1. (F1) ICV, 1.
2. (F2) , F1.
. 13.
3. " " F1 F2 F3.
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. 14. ICV
802.11 . WEP , . 802.11 , , , . , "" - .
, . , . , .
802.11. , , , IEEE 802.11, . 802.11i. 802.11i , Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Alliance) , 802.11i, " Wi-Fi" (Wi-Fi Protected Access, WPA). 802.11i WPA.
, WEP , LAN. .
(authentication framework). , , .
. , .
. .
(data integrity algorithm). , , .
802.11 802.11. , . 802.11 , , , LAN.
802.11 , ( ).
, .
.
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, , . , , , . , 802.11. , , (authentication, authorization, and accounting, AAA), . RADIUS, , .
, , : . , , LAN . , , . , . - , , .
. "" , , . . , , , 802.11 , . "" . . 15 , .
. 15.
802.11 IEEE , . I 802.11 , , 802.11i.
IEE 802.11 , 802.1X. 802.1X IEEE, 802 , . 802.1X , "-" (Point-to-Point Protocol, PPP), (Extensible Authentication Protocol, EAP). , 802.1X 2. 802.11i 802.1X, , . . 16 802.1X 802.
. 16. 802.1X
(RFC 2284) 802.1X . 802.1X, . 802.11 ( (supplicant)), -. , .
-.
(EAP-transport layer security, EAP-PEAP). (secure sockets layer, SSL). SSL- , .
EAP-Message Digest 5 (EAP-MD5). (challenge handshake authentication protocol, CHAP), EAP-MD5 .
EAP-Cisco. - EAP-Cisco, LEAP, , LAN. EAP-Cisco .
802.1X .
. LAN.
(authenticator). .
. RADIUS.
, . 802.11 , (AID). : . 802.1X. , . . 17 802.1X
. 17. 802. 1X
802.11i WPA , , 802.1X.
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, .
.
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WEP 802.11 IEEE . 802.11, ?
IEEE , 802.11i ( WPA) (temporal key integrity protocol, TKIP).
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. WEP- , .
(message integrity check, MIC). .
, IV, , , IV. WEP-, , , .
IEEE , (per-frame keying). ( (per-packet keying) (fast packet keying).) , , , IV, - WEP- . 104- WEP- 24- IV.
IEEE 24- 48- IV. , IV. . 18 48- IV , IV .
. 18. IV
.
1. WEP- ( 802.1X) 32 48- IV (32- 0-4 294 967 295) - . 1- (phase 1 key). 1- (. 19).
2. 1- IV - () .
3. (IV), , 16 (16- 0-65 535). 8 , .
4. WEP- .
5. 16- IV , 1- 32 1. ( IV 12, 13.)
6. , 2.
. 19.
, 16- IV . 16- IV , , . IV, 1- 32 IV 1 .
WEP , . , ( TKIP ) WEP 802.11. , . 802.11 TKIP, WEP/TKIP , (advanced encryption standard, AES).
, (ICV) 802.11, (MIC). MIC , , . IEEE , Michael (), ICV 802.11.
MIC , , . - - , , .
MIC .
1. .
2. .
3. , , 60 , .
4. , , 802.1X.
5. .
MIC MIC. , . 802.11 .
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- () () . , . , . ( BSS, ) , , .
. - (group master key, GMK) .
-, , - Gnonce (, ) , 256- (group transient key, GTK). GTK 128- / , 64- MIC (transmit MIC key) 64- MIC (MIC receive key).
, , - ().
, - BSS. MIC, , .
, , 802.11, . IEEE WPA WEP TKIP 802.11i, LAN 802.11. IEEE . IEEE AES , 802.11i. WPA AES. WPA, , 802.11i AES.
AES , (NIST) . IEEE AES, LAN. (Cipher Block Chaining Counter Mode, CBC-CTR) (Cipher Block Chaining Message Authenticity Check, CBC-MAC), AES-CCM. CBC-CTR -. .
CBC-CTR . . . 16- . , , . .
- , , . 128- 64 .
- , , . " " .
, 802.11 1997 , . , WEP-, . TKIP WEP- , 802.1X AES .
Wi-Fi : 6097 . .
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