,,,
f(x) df=f(x)dx f(x). . f(x) F(x), F()=f(x) dF(x)=F(x)dx=f(x)dx.
, F(x) () . , , . , , . ..
. F(x), f(x) , F(x)=f(x) dF(x)=f(x)dx.
. [a; b] f(x) F(x).
. F1(x) F2(x) f(x) , , . . F2(x)=F1x)+C, .
. F(x)+C f(x) :
- (1)
(1) f(x)dx , f(x) , , .
, .
1. , :
2. :
3. (≠0) :
4. :
5. F(x) f(x), :
6 ( ). , :
u .
.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
. (, , , u (u=x), (u=u(x)).)
1. (n≠-1).
2. (a >0, a≠1).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. (a≠0).
15.(a≠0).
16. (|u| > |a|).
17. (|u| < |a|).
18.
19.
1 17 .
, , .
( ). , t x=φ(t), dx=φ(t)dt.
. x=φ(t) , f(x). f(x) , :
- (2)
(1) .
. . u(x) v(x) . :
d(uv)=udv+vdu. (3)
(3), :
- (4)
(4) .
(4) , , .
, .
I. , (Pn(x) n, k ). , u=Pn(x) (4) n .
II. (Pn(x) n ). , u , Pn(x).
III. (a, b ). .
5. .
R(x) , , . . :
(n≥m), . (n≤m), .
( ) ( ):
R(x) - ( ) Pn(x) ( n < m).
6. . .
. :
1)
2) (n≥2);
3)
4) (n≥2).
, a, p, q, M, N , , . . p2/4-q < 0.
:
:
.
. . Qm(x) , :
- (5)
. :
- (6)
(A1, A2, , Ak, B1, B2, , B1, M1, N1, M2, M2, , Ms, Ns ).
. . (6) . Qm(x) , , Pn(x).
. , , ( ) . , . .
. , :
1) - (k≥m), :
n < m; R(x) ;
2) - (n < m), (6);
3) .
. :
- (7)
, . , . , , , .
(7) ,
(m, n Z, m ≥ 0, n ≥ 0). m n , , sin2x+cos2x=1 , .
(n N, n > 1). tgx= t ctgx=t .
t=tgx, x=arctgt,
n ≥ 2 , .
t=ctgx, x=arcctgt,
(m, n R). :
8. .
(m1, n1, m2, n2, - ). . x=ts, s r1, r2, , . . t:
(m1, n1, m2, n2, - ). :
s t.
I1 :
:
dx=du.
:
I2 , , :
I1 .
I3 I1 :
. . , .
ax2+bx+c , :
u=ksint ( u=kcost)
sint cost.
(m, n, p Q, a, b R). ,
1) p Z, :
x=ts,
s m n;
2) Z, :
a+bxn=ts,
s
3) Z, :
ax-n+b=ts,
s
9. , .
. (8)
- (8)
λ→0, τn [a; b] ξk, ( ) f(x) [a; b] :
, f(x) [a; b] ( ). f(x)dx , f(x) , , a b .
, , , , λ .
. y=f(x) [a; b] f(x) ≥ 0. , y=f(x), x=a, x=b (. 1), .
: ( . 1). , τn [a; b] ξk.
k=1, n, . , S λ→0:
, .
10. .
.
1. (a=b), :
.
2. f(x)=1,
, f(x)=1,
3. :
4. :
R.
5. [a; b] f1(x), f2(x), , fn(x) :
6 ( ). a, b, c;
7. f(x) ≥ 0 [a; b],
a < b.
8 ( ). f(x) φ(x) f(x) ≥ φ(x) a; b],
a >b.
9 ( ). m f(x), [a; b],
a < b.
10 ( ). f(x) [a; b], a; b],
. . ξ [a; b] b-a .
11. .
f(x) [a; b], a; b],
. . ξ [a; b] b-a .
12. . -.
a b. a, , x [a; b], . :
x [a; b],
. t, .
. f(x) , :
-. - : [a; b] f(x) , x=b x=a.
- (9)
13. .
. , , , . . . .
. f(x) [a; b], x=φ(t) [t1; t2], φ([t1; t2])=[a; b] φ(t1)=a, φ(t2)=b, :
. u(x) v(x) [a; b] . d(uv)=udv+vdu. [a; b]:
, -
, (11) :
- (12)
(12) .
15. .
, y=f(x) [f(x) ≥ 0], x=a x=b [a; b] , :
, y=f1(x) y=f2(x)[f1(x) ≤ f2(x)] x=a x=b, :
x=x(t), y=y(t), , , x=a, x=b [a; b] , :
t1 t2 a=x(t1), b=x(t2) [y(t) ≥ 0 t1 ≤ t ≤ t2].
, , ρ=ρ(θ) θ=α, θ=β (α < β), :
16. , .
y=f(x) [a; b] - (. . y=f(x) ), :
x=x(t), y=y(t) [x(t) y(t) ] , t t1 t2, :
ρ=ρ(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, :
. :
y=f(x) [a; b]. , , . , t. :
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. . f(x) df=f(x)dx f(x).
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