. , , ,

,,,

  1. . .

f(x) df=f(x)dx f(x). . f(x) F(x), F()=f(x) dF(x)=F(x)dx=f(x)dx.

, F(x) () . , , . , , . ..

. F(x), f(x) , F(x)=f(x) dF(x)=f(x)dx.

. [a; b] f(x) F(x).

. F1(x) F2(x) f(x) , , . . F2(x)=F1x)+C, .

  1. , .

. F(x)+C f(x) :

- (1)

(1) f(x)dx , f(x) , , .

, .

1.                 , :

2.                 :

3.                 (≠0) :

4.                 :

5.                 F(x) f(x), :

6 ( ). , :

u .

  1. .

.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

. (, , , u (u=x), (u=u(x)).)


1. (n≠-1).

2. (a >0, a≠1).

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14. (a≠0).

15.(a≠0).

16. (|u| > |a|).

17. (|u| < |a|).

18.

19.


1 17 .

, , .

  1. .

( ). , t x=φ(t), dx=φ(t)dt.

. x=φ(t) , f(x). f(x) , :

- (2)

(1) .

. . u(x) v(x) . :

d(uv)=udv+vdu. (3)

(3), :

- (4)

(4) .

(4) , , .

, .

I.                  , (Pn(x) n, k ). , u=Pn(x) (4) n .

II.               (Pn(x) n ). , u , Pn(x).

III.            (a, b ). .

5.      .

R(x) , , . . :

(n≥m), . (n≤m), .

( ) ( ):

R(x) - ( ) Pn(x) ( n < m).

6.      . .

. :


1)

2) (n≥2);

3)

4) (n≥2).


, a, p, q, M, N , , . . p2/4-q < 0.

:

:

.

. . Qm(x) , :

- (5)

. :

- (6)

(A1, A2, , Ak, B1, B2, , B1, M1, N1, M2, M2, , Ms, Ns ).

. . (6) . Qm(x) , , Pn(x).

. , , ( ) . , . .

. , :

1)                - (k≥m), :

n < m; R(x) ;

2)                - (n < m), (6);

3)                .

  1. , .

. :

- (7)

, . , . , , , .

(7) ,

(m, n Z, m ≥ 0, n ≥ 0). m n , , sin2x+cos2x=1 , .

(n N, n > 1). tgx= t ctgx=t .

t=tgx, x=arctgt,

n ≥ 2 , .

t=ctgx, x=arcctgt,

(m, n R). :

8. .

(m1, n1, m2, n2, - ). . x=ts, s r1, r2, , . . t:

(m1, n1, m2, n2, - ). :

s t.

I1 :

:

dx=du.

:

I2 , , :

I1 .

I3 I1 :

. . , .

ax2+bx+c , :

u=ksint ( u=kcost)

sint cost.

(m, n, p Q, a, b R). ,

1)      p Z, :

x=ts,

s m n;

2)      Z, :

a+bxn=ts,

s

3)      Z, :

ax-n+b=ts,

s

9.      , .

. (8)

- (8)

λ→0, τn [a; b] ξk, ( ) f(x) [a; b] :

, f(x) [a; b] ( ). f(x)dx , f(x) , , a b .

, , , , λ .

. y=f(x) [a; b] f(x) ≥ 0. , y=f(x), x=a, x=b (. 1), .

: ( . 1). , τn [a; b] ξk.

k=1, n, . , S λ→0:

, .

10.  .

.

1.                 (a=b), :

.

2.                 f(x)=1,

, f(x)=1,

3.                 :

4.                 :

R.

5.                 [a; b] f1(x), f2(x), , fn(x) :

6 ( ). a, b, c;

7. f(x) ≥ 0 [a; b],

a < b.

8 ( ). f(x) φ(x) f(x) ≥ φ(x) a; b],

a >b.

9 ( ). m f(x), [a; b],

a < b.

10 ( ). f(x) [a; b], a; b],

. . ξ [a; b] b-a .

11.  .

f(x) [a; b], a; b],

. . ξ [a; b] b-a .

12.  . -.

a b. a, , x [a; b], . :

x [a; b],

. t, .

. f(x) , :

-. - : [a; b] f(x) , x=b x=a.

- (9)

13.  .

. , , , . . . .

. f(x) [a; b], x=φ(t) [t1; t2], φ([t1; t2])=[a; b] φ(t1)=a, φ(t2)=b, :

. u(x) v(x) [a; b] . d(uv)=udv+vdu. [a; b]:

, -

, (11) :

- (12)

(12) .

15.  .

, y=f(x) [f(x) ≥ 0], x=a x=b [a; b] , :

, y=f1(x) y=f2(x)[f1(x) ≤ f2(x)] x=a x=b, :

x=x(t), y=y(t), , , x=a, x=b [a; b] , :

t1 t2 a=x(t1), b=x(t2) [y(t) ≥ 0 t1 ≤ t ≤ t2].

, , ρ=ρ(θ) θ=α, θ=β (α < β), :

16.  , .

y=f(x) [a; b] - (. . y=f(x) ), :

x=x(t), y=y(t) [x(t) y(t) ] , t t1 t2, :

ρ=ρ(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, :

. :

y=f(x) [a; b]. , , . , t. :

1. , :

1)

:

:

- .

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2)

:

:

- .

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3)

:

:

- .

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4)

:

:

- .

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5)

:

:

- .

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6)

:

:

- .

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7)

:

:

- .

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8)

:

:

- .

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9)

:

:

- .

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2. :

1)

:

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2)

:

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3)

:

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4)

:

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5)

:

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6)

:

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7)

:

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8)

:

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9)

:

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10)

:

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11)

:

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12)

:

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13)

:

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14)

:

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15)

:

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3. :

1)

:

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2)

:

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3)

:

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4. :

1)

:

- I .

- .

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2)

:

- II .

- .

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3)

:

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. . f(x) df=f(x)dx f(x).

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :