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(VAS)

. 11 (VAS) (McCall, Fischer, Warden, Kopcha, Lloyd, Young and Schomaker, 1998; Vogelsang, 1988): 0 3 ; (4-7) , (8-10) .

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3 ; ; . 20- (. ); (NSCD) (); Pepsi.

110 . Pepsi , .

(n=98)

:

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* 3 20- LE-VR- Pepsi.

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20- ., , , , . , : (n=13); , (VR-) (n=10); - , (LE-VR-) (n=11). . ( , HR, VAS), (RIQ), (TQ), .

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(NSCD)

(NSCD) () . 32 3,000 , . , : (n=11); , (VR-); - , (LE-VR-) (n=11). 20- , . ( , HR, VAS), (RIQ), (TQ), .

(NSCD). . . . , VR-, . VR- , , . , , .

LE-VR- , (CTRS). - (Peterson Stumbo, 2000) , . HTML, Apple QuickTime VR Macromedia Flash. , , , , , .

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Pepsi . . , : (n=13); , (VR-) (n=12); , - (n=11); LE-VR- (n=11).

, , . ( , HR, VAS), (RIQ), (TQ), . , Pepsi.

:

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:

:

Recpost () ( ) :

F=11.691 (df 2, 91), p=.000.

Post-Hoc :

( )

( ):

F=8.380 (df 2, 97), p=.000.

Post-Hoc :

.01, .05 .1 NVA

20- :

, , 20- , , (STAI p=.104).

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() . , , , . . . , , , .

(NSCD)

Winter Park . 20- , NSCD . . . : , VR-, LE-VR-. , . . LE-VR-, , , . . , , LE-VR-. . , LE-VR-

Pepsi

, , , Pepsi. : ; , (VR-); LE-VR-; (LE-). , , Pepsi. 20- , ; VR- Pepsi; , ; (CTRS).

, , , , , . , , , , . , (STAI): , , .

. . 0.079 ug/dl 0.021 ug/dl , . , , VR-. , 4 / . : 8 /, 5 /, LE-VR- 9 /.

, , . , . .

, . , Pepsi, .

, HTML, Apple QuickTime VR panorama, Macromedia Flash Shockwave, , , . . , , .

Buros, O.K. (Ed.). (1978). The eighth mental measurements yearbook. Hyde Park, New Jersey: Gryphon Press.

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Erhmann, S.C., & Zuniga, R.E. (1997). The Flashlight Evaluation Handbook, Washington, D.C.: The American Association for Higher Education.

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McCall, J.E., Fischer, C.G., Warden, G., Kopcha, R., Lloyd, S., Young, J., & Schomaker. (1999). Lorazepam given the night before surgery reduces preoperative anxiety in children undergoing reconstructive burn surgery. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, March/April, 151-154.

Nicolson N, Storms C, Ponds R, Sulon J. (1997). Salivary cortisol levels and stress reactivity in human aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Mar;52(2):M68-75.

Peterson, C.A., & Stumbo, N.J. (2000). Therapeutic recreation program design: Principles and procedures. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Polar Interface Plus Users Manual (1999), Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland.

Ring. H. (1998). Is neurological rehabilitation ready for immersion in the world of virtual reality? Disability and Rehabilitation, 20(3), 98-101.

Rothbaum, B.O., Hodges, L., & Kooper, R. (1997). Virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 6, 219-226.

Scherer, M.J. (1996). Living in the state of stuck: How technology impacts the lives of people with disabilities (2nd ed.). Brookline Books: Cambridge, MA.

Selye H. (1946). General adaptation syndrome and diseases of adaptuion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 6:117

Spielberger, C.D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, California.

Vogelsang, J. (1988). The Visual Analog Scale: An accurate and sensitive method for self-reporting preoperative anxiety. Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing, 3, 235-239.

Von Schweber, L. (1998, June). Virtual reality. PC Magazine, 186.

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World Association of Persons with Disabilities (2003). Retrieved March 6, 2003 from www.wapd.org

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