,,,
: 53 c., 28 ., 5
.
, .
, , .
, , , .
, IBM, AMD, Sun Microsystems, CRAY .
1
1.1
1.2 ࠠ
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
2
2.1
2.2 ࠠ
2.3
2.4 RISC CISC
2.5
2.6 䠠
2.7
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
, , . , 100 , . - , , , - , .
. , . , : -, -, , , , , , dataflow, . , , , , , , .
. 60- . , , .
, 1869 .. . , , , . , - , , . , , , " " (!) (!!) . 1875 , , . , , , .
, , . , , - /// .
. - , -, , . , , , --, , - -, , , . , , , .. , . , , , , , , : , "" , .
, , , , . . " ", , , .
- . - . , , - .
1
-, , 1966 .. , , , . : SISD,MISD,SIMD,MIMD.
SISD (single instruction stream / single data stream) (. 1.1) - . , , , , - . , . , .
1.1 SISD
SIMD (single instruction stream / multiple data stream) (. 1.2) - . , , , . - . , , ILLIAC IV, , , , CRAY-1.
1.2 SIMD
MISD (multiple instruction stream / single data stream) (. 1.3) - . , . , , . , .
1.3 MISD
MIMD (multiple instruction stream / multiple data stream) (. 1.4) - . , , .
1.4 MIMD
, ? SISD, , VAX 11/780. , , - , . , CRAY-1, CYBER 205, FACOM VP .
SIMD : ILLIAC IV, ICL DAP, Goodyear Aerospace MPP, Connection Machine 1 .. . . , - , , CRAY-1. .
MIMD , : Cm*, C.mmp, CRAY Y-MP, Denelcor HEP, BBN Butterfly, Intel Paragon, CRAY T3D . , ( ) , , - .
. , SIMD MIMD, , . . , , dataflow - , . - MIMD. , , , , , , , .
(MISD) . , , .
. . . (SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD), .
SISD :
- , , PDP-11;
- , - CDC 6600, CRAY-1, FPS AP-120B, CDC Cyber 205, FACOM VP-200.
SIMD :
- - - ILLIAC IV, PEPE, BSP;
- - - STARAN, ICL DAP.
MIMD
- , , , Cosmic Cube,
- ( ), , C.mmp, BBN Butterfly, CRAY Y-MP, Denelcor HEP.
1972 . . - n , . . m, . , n , m . , .
, C (n,m) - . n m P : P(C)=mn. , , , . , 70- , . , , , , , .
, , :
- - - (n=m=1). . MINIMA (1,1);
- - - (n>1, m=1). , , , : IBM 701 (36,1), PDP-11 (16,1), IBM 360/50 VAX 11/780 - (32,1);
- - - (n=1, m>1). , . STARAN (1, 256) MPP (1,16384) Goodyear Aerospace, ILLIAC IV SOLOMON (1, 1024) ICL DAP (1, 4096);
- - - (n>1, m>1). , mn , : ILLIAC IV (64, 64), TI ASC (64, 32), C.mmp (16, 16), CDC 6600 (60, 10), BBN Butterfly GP1000 (32, 256).
m. , - . , : , - . N F L, .
, , ( ) . , .
1.4
., 70- , , : , - , . , , , / - ( ). , , . , , : I, II ..
I (. 1.5) - , , - , . - . , , . (IBM 701, PDP-11, VAX 11/780), (CDC 7600) - (CRAY-1).
1.5 I
I , , II (. 1.6) . , . I , II - .
1.6 II
II (, STARAN), - , . ICL DAP, 4096 .
I II, III (. 1.7). - - , , , . 1960 . , ( , , "" - (), ()). , STARAN, ICL DAP III, , . III OMEN-60 Sanders Associates, .
1.7 III
I - <=> ( ) IV (. 1.8). . , , , . PEPE, 288 .
1.8 IV
IV, , V (. 1.9). , . , , ILLIAC IV.
1.9 V
, I- V- - , - . VI (. 1.10), ( ), , . , .
1.10 VI
. . , .
:
- - , () ;
- - - () , ;
- - () , .
1.11
, , - . - , . , , ( , ). - , k , - d w C:
t(C) = (k, d, w)
, . , (.. ) . w- w' , w×w'. × , , . TI ASC 64- , , :
t( TI ASC ) = (1,4,64×8)
- . , , ( - ). Cray Research. , , CDC 6600, , , :
t(CDC 6600) = (1,1×10,~64)
, , -. , , , . n , n . PEPE, 288- , :
t( PEPE ) = (1×3,288,32)
t( PEPE ) = (k×k',d×d',w×w') :
- k - ( ),
- k' -
- d - ,
- d' -
- w - ,
- w' -
. - , , , MIMD .
(. ), MIMD , . , , , . 1.12:
1. 12 MIMD
. : , , . MIMD , (, Denelcor HEP). , , :
- MIMD , , ;
- MIMD , , -.
, MIMD , (, PASM, PRINGLE). , . MIMD . , , MIMD (CRAY X-MP, BBN Butterfly). : , , .
, . MIMD c .
MIMD , , : (lCAP), (Intel Paragon, CRAY T3D), (NCube, Intel iPCS), , , , , (Cm* , CEDAR) , , , .
, , , , MIMD , MIMD, - MIMD. , , Connection Machine 2, , .
1988 . , SIMD . . "" , , .
. ( reference stream ) S :
S = { (a1t1) (a2t2)..., (b1u1) (b2u2)..., (c1v1)(c2v2)...},
- , , - n , , n . , (b2u2) b2 u2. , I; , - D.
. , ( ) . - . , , . , , , .
S . S, Sa, - , i- - , i- S:
Sa = a1 b1 ...c1 ,a2 b2 ...c2 ,...
S, Sv, - , i- - , i- S:
Sv = t1 u1 ...v1,t2 u2 ...v2 ,...
Sx - , - n , "" : w(Sx) = n.
Sa, Sv w : S - n ,
w(Sa) = S w(Sv) = nS,
S S.
(I, D) I D , , . , (I, D), :
- w(Ia) ;
- w(Iv) ;
- w(Da)
- w(Dv) .
, :
Iw(Ia)w(Iv)Dw(Da)w(Dv)
:
- IssDss - - ;
- IssDsc - - , , , . , , , .
- IssDsm - SIMD , MPP, Connection Machine 1 , .
- IssDcc - SIMD - - , ;
- IssDmm - SIMD , , , ILLIAC IV Connection Machine 2.
- IscDcc - , , . (VLIW).
- IccDcc - MIMD . - , / .
- ImmDmm - MIMD.
, 's', 'c' 'm', . , w(Sa) w(Sv), . : w(Ia)<=w(Iv) w(Da)<=w(Dv). , : w(Iv) <= w(Dv).
, : SIMD . MIMD ImmDmm. , , , .
. MIMD .
: , , , . , : . , MIMD , :
- - (GMSV);
- - (DMSV);
- - (DMMP);
- - (GMMP).
, . , , , , CRAY Y-MP ( 1). , , , NCube, ( 3). , BBN Butterfly, ( 2).
: , , ..
., , , . , - (. 1.13), , , , , , .
1.13
, . , ( D ). ( O ). , , ( T).
. () , . , , LU- , '. ( C ) , ( P).
, : (Pi) () (Pa). , . , , , , .., - .
, : (S) (A). , , . , , , , . data-driven demand-driven
, , .
, , , , , DCPaS DCPaA , : . , OCPaS OCPaA . , , IBM 360/91, Amdahl 470/6 RISC , , OPPiS. , , . DPPiS. , , DPPaS. CDC 6600 , , : OPPaS. Data-flow , , OPPiA, OPPaA.
, , . , T. , '*' , , . , T*D , , .
, . '+'. , , OPPiS+DPPiS ( - TI ASC CDC STAR-100). ( CRAY-1) O*DPPiS, : O*DPPiS+OPPiS. , CRAY X-MP CRAY Y-MP. , , CRAY-1 , : T*(O*DPPiS+OPPiS).
. , .:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
. . . (p. 1.14), , , . .
1.14
.. , , . , (, , , , ..) (, ), . , , : , dataflow ( ).
, , - , : , dataflow .
.
- :
- - ;
- - ;
- - ;
- - .
:
- -
- - ;
- - ;
- - .
:
- - ;
- - ;
- - ;
- - .
:
- - ;
- - ;
- - ;
- - .
wavefront:
- - ;
- - ;
- - ;
- - dataflow.
dataflow:
- - ;
- - ;
- - dataflow;
- - -dataflow.
, . , "" , , dataflow wavefront. : , , . , , , , , . , , .
1989 , , . . , , dataflow reduction machine.
, , :
- (IP - Instruction Processor) - , , ; , , ;
- (DP - Data Processor) - , , ;
- (IM - Instruction Memory, DM - Data Memory) - , , ;
- - , .
, ., :
- DP IP , ;
- IM ;
- ;
- DP , ;
- DP;
- DP .
, , :
- DP IP , ;
- IP ;
- DM;
- ;
- DM;
- IP .
- :
1.15 -
, . , - , :
- 1-1 - ;
- n-n - i- i- , .. ;
- 1-n - ;
- nxn - , .
. , 1-n . Connection Machine , , n-n. , , nxn.
. . :
- (IP);
- ( ) (IM);
- IP IM;
- (DP);
- ( ) (DM);
- DP DM;
- IP DP;
- DP DP.
Connection Machine 2. : (1, 1, 1-1, n, n, n-n, 1-n, nxn),
(BBN Butterfly, C.mmp) . , . . () . : (n, n, n-n, n, n, nxn, n-n, ),
, : 0, 1 n (.. ), 28 .
1-5 dataflow reduction, . 6 - . 7-10. 11 12 MISD , , . 13- 28- , 13-20 , , 21-28 .
. , , .
, :
- , , ;
- - , ;
- , ; , .
, -, . , 1990 . , . , . .
- .
:
- iM - - , ;
- sM - - , ;
- C - -. , CRAY-1, , -;
- sI - () ;
- pI - ;
- sX - ;
- pX - .
, (I) , (IP) , -. , (X) (DP) , -.
N A, ( AN), AN A. , . :
sM3 - , ;
sI4 - , .
- CP C- I, X CP.
, C.sI, C.(C2.pI)2
Ä1.A2" A1 A2.
, -: C.sI C - sI
- MCP M- I, X, CP MCP.
, iM.(C.sI2)k, sM.iM.C.pIn
I" MCP, .
X" MCP, .
, , .
, I" X" .
, , , , .
. , :
1) R - . Rep(R) :
, R = AN, Rep(R);
2) R = R1.R2. ... .Rn - , Ri , . head(R) = R1 - ; tail(R) = Rn - .
Link. R1 R2 - . Link(R1, R2):
) tail(R1) head(R2) - ,
) tail(R1) , head(R2) - Zn,
) tail(R1) - Wn, head(R2) - ,
) tail(R1) - Wn, head(R2) - Zm,
, Link . (. . ).
, , .
, . .
, - , (TC - taxonomic characters). .
, . .
. () . , . , , , .
, . , .
, :
1) - - MCP (memory-cache processor).
. .
2) - - (P). CP , .
3) - (P). - CP.
, , .
, .
CP , -. , .
, , , . ( , ).
. , , , , :
1) , , :
- (instruction pipelining), .. , , , , ;
- , , , ;
- /, .
. , , , , -, "" ( ), , -, , .
2) , .
3) , , , , (, -).
, , , . , - , , ( ) , . , , . 1.16:
1.16
: , , MIMD. . , .
( ) , (, WARP). . . . .
MIMD/SIMD , dataflow, reduction wavefront , MIMD . , , , MIMD.
MIMD/SIMD - . , MIMD , , SIMD (PASM, Non-Von). , .
. Dataflow , , . , , , , .
, reduction : , , , .
Wavefront array , dataflow. , . , , (handshaking), - " " .
2
2.1
, -.
. 2.1 . . , . , , . , , , . ( -) .
2.1 . -
. . - (, ) (, ).
. , . . , . , .
, , . , , . , , . , , - .
2.2
- . 2.2. ( 1 32), (- ) . , . 2.2 . , . .
2.2 - -
, . . , . . 2.2 . .
: - -. , , . ( , .) . .
, , - . . - , . , .
2.3
:
1) ;
2) , ;
3) ;
4) , , ;
5) , , ;
6) ;
7) 1, .
() .
, . , , . , , . , . . , , , .
, . - , . . , , . , , , .
50- IBM, , , , , , . , IBM . , , . , , ?
. , 1951 , , , , . IBM System/360, , . .
. :
1) ;
2) , ;
3) , , .
70- , . . . , , . , 70- , .
70- , (, -1 Control Data Cyber). , , .
VAX ( Digital Equipment Corporation), 200 . , VAX , . , . VAX, ( DEC). Compaq DEC 1998 .
8- , 70- . . , , . , .
Motorola 68000 Zilog Z8000, , , . Motorola 68000 , , Z80 ( Zilog Z8000) , Motorola 6800 ( Motorola 68000). , , , Motorola , a Exxon ( Zilog) .
( ) . , Motorola 68000 10 , , 100 , 2 500 . , 2000 , , . , 6000 . , .
2.4 RISC CISC
70- , . , , . - , , , . . ( ).
IBM ; , - 801. IBM , , , .
1980 VLSI . RISC RISC I, RISC II. , 1981 , , MIPS. SPARC MIPS .
. , , . , , , , . , , , .
, ( 50). : DEC VAX IBM 200 300. RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer . RISC CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ). CISC VAX, . , RISC CISC , .
RISC VAX, Intel IBM. , , , , - (, ) . , RISC 4 5 , CISC, RISC 10 ( ), . , , , RISC.
RISC, , , Alpha DEC, CISC (Pentium . .) . . : ?
-, RISC , Intel. -, , Intel CISC. Intel, 486-, RISC, ( ) , CISC . , . , RISC, , .
2.5
, RISC, , . (, 10 , ), . , .
, RISC, . - , , , , .
. . . . CISC , . , .
. , . 500-MIPS 500 , , (MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second .) , , , .
, ( ) , , , . , 1 , 2 , , 2 , . , , .
. . , , . , . , . , .
. , . . , , , , . , (LOAD STORE).
. , ( 32). , , . . .
2.6
, , . , , . ( ).
: . . . .
2.6.1
, . , , . , . , , , , . IBM Stretch, 1959 .
: . . , , , .
. 2.3 5 , . 1 , , . 2 , , . , . 4 , . , 5 .
2.3 - 5 (); (). 9
. 2.3, , . 1 1 1, . 2 2 1, 1 2. 3 1, 2 2, 1 . 4 4 1, 2, 2 3, 1 4. , 5 1 , .
( ) ( ). , n , n , 1000/ .
2.6.2
, . . 2.4. , . 2.3. . . , (, ), . , , (, , ), .
( , ) RISC. 386- . Intel 486- 1.486- , a Pentium . . 2.4, ( 1 2) . (u-) . (v-) , (FXCH).
2.4 -
, , . , , , ( -). . . , Pentium , , , . , , , Pentium , 486-, . , .
2.5 -
, . . , . 2.5. Pentium II, , . 1987 . 30 CDC 6600. CDC 6600 100 10 . , .
3 , 4 . 3 10 , 10 , , . , ( ). . 2 5, .
2.7
, , . , , , 3D . , , - - 20 /, , Intel. , , , .
- , 5-10 . 50, 100 , .
2.7.1
, . . . , . , , .
- (array processor) , . ILLIAC IV ( ). . 2.6. , , 8x8 /. . , , ( ). - , 50 . 1 , .
2.6 - - ILLIAC IV
(vector processor) - (array processor). - , . , (array processor), , . Cray Research, , , Cray-1 (1974) . Cray Research SGI.
. , , , . - (array processor) , , (vector processor) , . . , . , , .
- (array processor) , , , . - (array processor) , (vector computer), , . (vector processor), , . , , , .
2.7.2
- , . , , . , , - .
. , . . 2.7. .
, , , . , . . 2.7. , . , . , , , . (, -).
. 2.7. (); , ()
, . , , . , - . , , , .
2.7.3
(< 64) , . , . , , , , . .
( , ). , 2D, 3D, . , . . , 10 000 .
, , , . , .
. ENIAC, 19 . , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , .
:
1) ;
2) - ;
3) , , , ;
4) , ();
5) , .
. , . - , .
, DRAM, . , , EDRAM (embedded DRAM)
- , - - . - , -. - . . , Pentium III , : , ; , ; ; - .
, - , , . - - , , . - . -, .
, -, , . . (). n , , , n-1 , , . n . , , , . .
Tera , . Level One, Intel, IXP1200, 6 . IBM Blue Gene, 32 . EDRAM, 32 . 32 256 . EDRAM , -, .
, . , , . , . , .
, . , . .
, , , -, , . , , . , , , , , , . :
- ;
- ;
- , , .
, . , , , , , , . , . , , . , . . , .
. 3.1:
3.1 -
. Intel 80860, . Intel (- Pentium 70 SIMD- Pentium III), AMD (3D Now!), Sun (VIS SPARC), Compaq (Alpha MVI), HP (PA-RISC MAX2), SGI/Mips (MDMX), Motorola (PowerPC AltiVec).
: , (Pentium MMX) , (decoupled) . Pentium III PowerPC AltiVec.
SIMD- , , , (8, 16, 32) . , , Pentium III SIMD- 32- .
, () (SOC system on chip). , , . , , , . , , . , , .
, , . . , . Motorola MPC8260 , , , 10/100 M/ Ethernet, 155 M/ ATM, 256 64 / HDLC. Motorola , PowerPC 603e AltiVec PowerQUICC.
, . Alpha 21364, Power4, Blue Gene. Alpha 21364 Alpha 21264, : 1,5 ; , Direct Rambus; .
3.2 - Alpha 21364
Alpha 21364 (.3.2) 80 , . . , , : , , , , ( ). , . , . , . 41 80 41 72 .
, ( 16 ).
, . . 4 - 10 / 15 . . Alpha 21364 . 3.3:
3.3 -
-, 3 /.
Alpha 21364 Power4 : , , - , , NUMA (distributed shared memory DSM).
Power4 (. 3.4) Power3 64- 1 , 5 2 . . , 170 . . 1,1 8-10 .
- 64 . , () - - . 3 45 /.
3.4 - Power4
(ILP), (TLP). , , -. Power4 0,18- SOI ( ) 5 400 2.
Power4 - , , 16 , 500 , 8 /. 4 35 /. 4 , . 3.5, , , .
3.5 - Power4
- 1,5 , 100 /. , , -, .
Power4, - 32 16 . 1/3 , 10 /. - , . - . 20 .
Power4 IBM ISA, RS/6000 AS/400 Power PC. , , , ISA.
, , Alpha 21264 Pentium III, , , (), ( ), . . , . , . .
, , . , , . , , , , , , .
. , . , . , , , , , . , , . , .
, , , , . . . .
, , . , , . , . , , .
, Alpha 21464 , Alpha 21264.
3.5.2
, , :
1) , , , , . , , . ;
2) , , . , , . , , , , , . , ;
3) , , . , , . , . , / , . . - , , . Pentium Pro. , , , Power4;
4) , , 108 109 , 104 105 . , , . , - : . . , . , , . SIMD-, , Fuzion 150, MIMD-, , Blue Gene.
, . , . . Alpha 21364 Alpha 21464.
, , .
, .
, - .
1. . , 4- . .: , 2003. 700 .;
2. . , , 1999, 5-6, . 8;
3. . , , 1999, 9-10, . 8;
4. .. . .: . 1980. 520 .;
5. 7.080403 " " 7.080404 " " / . .. . : , 2001. 52 .
: 53 c., 28 ., 5 . ,
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