. , , ,

,,,

-


,

( )



: .


: .


-3-95

. .


____________________________________________________________________________ 1998



    1. BX


1.


. . , , .

, .

, , .

, .


2.


1886 1915 1886 1915 .

1 (. ).

(, ) (, , , )


3.

3.1


:

X=Cekt ,

:

dX/dt = KX .

lnX t:

lnX = kt + lnC .




, , , lnX .

, , .

,

K = 2/1 = (lnX2 lnX1)/(t2-t1) ,

lnC .

lnX t 2 (. ). , , 0,11, 0,13.


3.2

:


X(ti) = (Xi Xi-1)/(ti ti-1) .


3 (. ) , . , .


3.3


:

X(ti)/X(ti) = (Xi Xi-1)/Xi(ti ti-1) .



, , , .


4.


4.1


:

X = X0(t t0)B ,

:

dX\dt = BX/(t t0) .

:

X = BX0(t t0)B-1 .

:

X/X = B/(t t0) ,

:

X/X = (t t0)/B .

, . , . , t0.

:

Y = X(t t0)B+1/B+1 .

:

Y/Y = X/Y = (B+1)/(t t0) .


:

B = ctg - 1 ,

, , (1) (2) 1.

:

Y/Y = (Xt)/X .



5 (. ).

, , .

:

  • : t0 = 1877, B = 2.5

  • : t0 = 1875.5, B = 2.9


4.2 BX


t0, BX .

6 (. ).

, , . , , .

t0. , .

  • t0 = 1890.

  • t0 = 1883.




4.3


, :


X = X0(t t0)B .

, lnX lnT, = t t0:

LnX = lnX0 + Bln(t t0) .


lnX ln t0.

t0 (t t0 = T1, t0= 1877 , t0 = 1875,5 ), , , 7 (. ).




, , , , .

  • = 2,39;

  • = 2,73.


t0 (t t0 = T2, t0 = 1890 , t0 = 1883 ), BX , , 8 (. ).





,

  • = 2,44;

  • = 1,82.



5.


:

  • =0,11

  • =0,13

  • t0. :

=2,5 t0= 1877

=2,39 t0= 1890

=2,44

  • t0. :

= 2,9 t0= 1875,5

= 2,73 t0= 1883

= 1,82


6.


1. Statistical History of USA.


7.


, ( ) : . :

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :