,,,
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.6.1. -
1.6.2.
1.6.3. -
2.
2.1.
2.1.1. .
2.1.2. .
2.1.3. - () .
2.1.4.
2.2.
2.3.
3.
3.1.
.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
4.
5.
1.
, . . , . , . . , . , . , , , . , , .
.
, , , . , , . - , . , .
- , . , :
;
;
;
, ;
, .
, , .
, . , , , , - - , , , , , , , , . , .
- , -. . , , , , , - , , .
, -. :
( , );
( , , )
( );
( )
, : , . .
, . , , , ( ) , . , - ; , ; , . .
, . , 100 ( ).
, (, . .) ( ). , . , - (0,01 ) (100 ).
, . - 5 .
, . . 10 .
, , , . , , . - 1 .
, , , . .
, , . . . ( ., 1964; , , 1972; -, , 1989).
. , , :
- r < 0,1 ;
- r = 0,1 + 1 ;
- r > 1 .
:
( , , , , )
(, 1986). (1,4-2,0)107 51015 . 300 /3, 30 /3 , 5 /3. 12 / 500 /3 - .
- , ( , , , , ).
(3-4)108 . , , 200 /3 (, 1986), . . -, , . -, (, , ), .
. , , , . . 40-60- (, 1965; , 1968; , , 1972; , 1972). -()- , (-, , 1989; ., 1991). ( ., 1991; , , 1995). , , , , , .
, . , , , , [33]. , ( ) . . .
: [1]. 0,5-1,0 , .
, . , , 0,1 . 1 ( ), , , . , , , , , . , , , . , . . , , , . , - .
10-6 , , . , .
10-5 "" ( ). , . , -, . , "" ( ), (, , ).
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10-3 (10 ) - , . 10 2 /3 2 /, . , .
10-2 (100 ) - ( 1 /). , , . , .
10-1 (1 ) - . 41022 , 104 12 . , , - 10-5 3 ( 10 1 ). .
1 . - 0,5 , . , ( ) .
10 . . .
> 10 . , 10 - . , , .
, 10-8 10 . , : - 10-7 . , 20 , , , . , 1 , 1 . , " " " " .
: , , , , . :
( ),
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( ).
, . , , , .
, 1/3, , . , , . , , .
, . , . , ; , , , . .
, , . , . . , , .
, , , , , .
, 1 3 , . , , , , . , , - .
"" . . , , . , . , 10-7 10-4 . , , , , 24 10-7 1 . , . , , ( ). , , , ( 0,7 4 /3). , .
, , ( ), . , . v(r), , v(r)∆r - (r, r + ∆r). v(r) , . . 1 3 5103 r<10-6 , 5103 (10-6 10-5) r>0,1 . 20 , 5 , , . log(r) = x n(x) = n(log(r)), , n(log(r))∆log(r) (log(r), log(r) + ∆log(r)). , .
v(r),
, :
n(x) ∆x = v(r) ∆r, (1.1)
∆x = ∆ln(r) = r-1 ∆r. (1.2)
,
n(x) = r v(r), (1.3)
v(r) = e-x n(x). (1.4)
, ln(r) , .
- , V(x), , V(x) ∆x (x, x +∆x).
n(x) v(r) , . , , , ( , ).
, . .
N(r),:
, (1.5)
. (1.6)
N(r) N(x) , N . :
, (1.7)
, (1.8)
, . :
, , , , ;
, (1.5) , , rmin , . , , rmin.
(1.7) , r ∞, rmin r , (, , ) . .
, .
(Junge), 40- - 50- , , ∆V/∆ln(r) . , ∆V, , 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,9 , 1 1,5 4 , . 4-6 103 0,4-0,6, ∆V/∆ln(r) , 103 . , , , , , :
(1.9)
, , , , r-4. , r 3, 3. , , :
, (1.10)
, (1.11)
B = const. , . .
. , a. rmin ( ), :
(1.12)
, rmin. a = 3 8 rmin.
. , rmin . :
(1.13)
a = 3, rmin. a = 1, .
.
(1.14)
a = 3. , a = 3 ∆V/∆ln(r). rmin rmax , :
. (1.15)
a > 3, :
. (1.16)
a < 3, :
. (1.17)
rmin rmax, (16) ,
rmin. a < 3, rmin. , , a .
. . , a < 2 a > 2, . rmin ≈ 0.5λ, λ - . ( ) a ≈ 3 ( ). a < 2, .
:
, (1.18)
rextr = b-1 - r > rextr. , r < rextr . , - .
, - , , .
- . ,
, (1.19)
, (1.20)
- γ-:
(1.21)
. , , , , , b, β λ.
() ( ) , . , , , , . , . . , . , 1 0,1 1,9 . , ar a1r. , - , ln(r). x, :
, (1.22)
N0 - ; σ - , r. , σ, ln(x), r. σ = 0, 3 , , , , , . , :
(1.23)
, . , - .
, . , . -, , , , , , . , , a - rmin , .
2. .
( ), , . - , , , , , , . , , . , , .
, , , . .
, , , () . - .
, , , - .
(2.1)
λ- , D , R, , . , - .
, , . , . , , , , , , - .
, , B. , , , - . , B . , , B B. B, - (Moore, 1962):
, (2.2)
MB - B. , , . 298, (8.2) 474 /c, 444 /c.
, B , , . , , , (), . Zbb, , ,
(2.3)
, , Zbb. , - B. 1 , . , , . - B , - . , , , B , , . , , , . , - 2. , - , 90 - . , , :
(2.4)
:
(2.5)
, , , , .
, , (2.5) , , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , , :
(2.6)
- , p - , MB - B.
, , , 0.2, Kn < 1, , . . , 0.01, , . , Kn >> 1 . , (0.01 0.2) .
. , B (, ), , , . , , A B (), . B . :
(2.7)
. (Jeans) , A, , A B - (Davis, 1983)
(2.8)
- A B, - A A B, ,
(2.9)
- A B. (8.9) , - A B. A ( , , ), (8.9) , :
(2.10)
, , p - . {} . , , A , . - , (2.6).
A :
(2.11)
c(r,t) , - ( ) r. - , . A ( ., 1960),
(2.12)
- A, - r, - . , r. , - ,(2.12)
(2.13)
, (2.11) (2.13), :
(2.14)
- , - , , , , (11.4) :
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
(2.14) (2.5) - (2.17), :
(2.18)
r (2.18). , t, ,
(2.19)
( ) Jc, c , (continuum), , :
(2.20)
, (2.19) (2.13),
(2.21)
, A - , - . (1877), (11.11) .
:
(2.22)
- A. (2.21) (2.22) ,
(2.23)
, (2.23) , :
(2.24)
, (2.19), (11.24) . , , , . , .
(Moore, 1962)
, (2.25)
- :
. (2.26)
, ( ) :
(2.27)
- . , :
(2.28)
, , (2.20). , , . , , (2.27) , . , , , .
. , , . , , . , , .
. , .
, , , . , ,
(2.29)
,
(2.30)
(11.27) , :
(2.31)
:
(2.32)
, , , :
(2.33)
, , a= 1,
(2.34)
(2.33) , (2.34),
(2.35)
, . : , , =0. , 1983 : , .
. 1971 , 1966 , , - , .
(2.36)
(2.36) , . , (2.36): .
. (Dahneke) 1983 , , , - , ,
(2.37)
. , (2.37):
. 1983 , (Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook - 1954):
(2.38)
, : , . 1991 , (2.38) - .
: , , . , , [16] - [21]. , :
(2.39)
: - i- , - , - , - , - , - , . , (2.39) - , , , m - , - . , . , , , , . . , . [26], [27], (2.39) . . , , . , (2.39) , . , . , . , [21], [22]. - . . . , . , . , , [17] , - , - . , , [23]. , , , . - . , . , ( ) , , , .
[24]. , - . , . - . , , . , , [8] . , , . , , .
c .
, a, n(r), r -, ( ). a(t). , , ρ , - , :
, (2.39)
j , m0 . (2.39) :
(2.40)
, :
(2.41)
, , , . 19- :
(2.42)
j - ( ); D - -, - ; - . , .
: ( )
(2.43)
, , (33) (34), [2] - [11]. , , :
, (2.44)
= /l l . - - , :
(2.45)
, .
, [24]. . , - - . , [27] - . . , , . :
(2.46)
- , , - , n - , < v > - . , , - - , , , . , (2.46)
, ;
- .
(2.46) . , , - , , , , , . , (2.46) - - , . , - -. , . . , . . . , , , - . . , (β), . , ( ) . , . .
- . . - .
- - :
(3.1)
:
(3.2)
:
(3.3)
:
(3.4)
- . :
(3.5)
, , :
(3.6)
, , :
(3.7)
, ( ), -, - , , . , 5. , , . , :
(3.8)
- , r, r r - . : l -
(3.9)
. , l = 1.
(3.10)
(3.8) :
(3.11)
:
(3.12)
- . (3.12) (3.8) :
(3.13)
(3.14)
. :
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.13) (3.14) :
(3.17)
, . (3.9) , , , , , , . , .
, :
(3.18)
(3.6) (3.7) :
(3.19)
(3.20)
, - , (3.19) :
(3.21)
. (3.21) r , . :
(3.22)
(3.22) :
(3.23)
:
(3.24)
(3.24). . :
(3.25)
, . , . (3.24) (3.25) :
(3.26)
. (3.26) :
(3.27)
, : , :
(3.28)
:
(3.29)
j :
(3.30)
(3.31)
(3.32)
(3.11) , , , (3.25) :
(3.33)
D (D=1/3 ) . , .
, , :
(3.34)
(r 1 ).
, (3.35)
(3.36)
(3.37)
(3.34) (3.30) (3.31) :
(3.38)
(3.39)
. (3.33) :
(3.40)
(3.41)
:
(3.42)
(3.43)
(3.44)
:
(3.45)
:
(3.46)
, , , , , , (3.42- 3.44). , . , (3.8). . , , . . :
(3.47)
- , . - , , . , . . , (3.36) :
(3.48)
, . 1 . , .
. 1. (. (3.25), (3.34) (3.47)). 1, . 1-4 = 1, 3, 10, . =1. : , - (. (3.59)).
, . . , (3.13). :
(3.49)
:
(3.50)
, :
(3.51)
(3.52)
, (3.53)
, (3.54)
, (3.55)
(3.55)
(3.56)
(3.57)
(3.58)
: C GSL, Mathcad. :
. 2. (3.51) () .
. 3. (3.51) .
. 4. (3.51) () .
, . . , , , .
:
. 5. . 1, : ) - , 1 = 1, 2 (), ; ) -
5 , . 10% .
, . ( ), (. . 1). . . , . , , (3.40) (3.41) :
(3.59)
(3.60)
(3.61)
, .
j 6 .
. 6. ( , - ) . . (3.38).
(3.59), -, (3.59) , ([10]):
(3.62)
, 8 9, , .
. 7. : - =1. 1, . 1: -. 2: ( (3.59)).
. 8. : - = 0.1. 1, . 1: -. 2: ( (3.59)).
9 10 (2.41) (3.59).
. 9. a(t), (2.41) (3.59). .
. 10. a(t), (2.41) (3.59). .
4. .
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , . , .
5. , , , , .
6. .
7. .
1. J.C. Maxwell Collected Scientific Papers, Cambridge, 11, 625, 1890.
2. .. . - . , , . 90, 1958.
3. ., , .4, . 7, 1934.
4. Li Y.Q., Davidovits P., Shi Q., Jayne J.T., Kolb C.E., Worsnop D.R. Mass and Thermal Accomodation Coefficients of H2O(g) on Liquid Water as Function of Temperatrue. - J.Phys.Chem.A, 105, 29, 10627-10634, 2001.
5. Heidenreich S., Buttner H. Investigation about the infuence of the Kelvin effect on droplet growth rate. - J.Aerosol Sci., v.26, n.2, 335 - 339, 1995.
6. Shi Q., Davidovits P., Jayne J.T., Worsnop D.R., Kolb C.E. Uptake of gas-phase ammonia. 1. Uptake by aqueous surfases as function of pH. - Mass and Thermal Accomodation Coefficients of H2O(g) on Liquid J.Phys.Chem.A, 103, 29, 8812-8823, 1999.
7. Swartz E., Shi Q., Davidovits P., Jayne J.T., Worsnop D.R., Kolb C.E. Uptake of gas-phase ammonia. 2. Uptake by sufuric acid surfaxres J.Phys.Chem.A, 103, 29, 8824-8833 1999
8. Widmann J.F., Davis E.J. Mathemetical models of the uptake of C1ONO2 and other gases by atmospheric aerosols. - J.AerosoI Sci., v.28, n.2, pp. 87 - 106, 1997.
9. Fuchs N.A., Sutugin A.G. Highly dispersed aerosols, in Topicsin Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), ed. by CM. Hidy and J.R. Brock, New York, pp. 1-200, 1971.
10. Dahneke B. Simple kinetic theory of Brownian diffusion in vapor and aerosols, in Theory of Dispersed Multiphase Flow, ed. by R.E. Meyer Academic Press, New York, pp. 97 - 133, 1983.
11. Loyalka S.K. Modelling of condensation in aerosols. - Prog. Nucl.Energy, v.12, pp.1-? 1983.
12. Sitarski M., Nowakowski B. Condensation rate of trace vapor on Knudsen aerosols from solution of the Boltzmann equation. - J.Colloid Interface Sci., v.72, pp.113-122, 1979.
13. .., .. . - . , . ), .38, 2, . 192 - 199.
14. . . . - . . , 1978.
15. ., . . - . , , 1980.
16. Bhatnagar P.L., Gross E.P., Krook M. A model for collision processes in gases.
: 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.
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