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1.

1.1 .

1.2

1.3 - ,

1.4

2.

3.

4. .

5. ,

6.


1.

 

1.1 .

- (). .

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1.2

"" . , , , - , "".

.1.2 , . . , , .



, . 1.2, . , , ( ), "" , . . , , . , , . . , .

() , . , . . , , , . , , , , . , . , , - . , .

. . . , . " , , , " .

, , - , . , , , , . - , . , , " " - , .


1.3 - ,

1 - . . . , . "" . , . - , , . . , , . . , , , .

- . . - . , . , , ( ). - , .. . " , , , . . .

ATM . , , , , ATM. ATM . , ATM , .

ATM , , . ATM , ATM ( , ) - . ATM - .

II - . " ", , , . - . , , , , . , . , . . , . - .

ISDN, , . , . Frame Relay. ISDN, Frame Relay .

SDH, . ATM.

III-IV - . , . . , . , . . , II , .

III ( ), PDH, .

IV - , - .


1.4

.

XX . : , , , .

. , (SDH), (ATM), ( 7 ISDN), ( ). , . , . : - , - .

, , . , . .

- , , . , .

, , , . , , , , . , , "" . , "" . - . -' " ", . . , .

, , , . , . , , . , " " , .

. . , .. , . . . , , ( ), , . , .

, . 15-20 (, , ..) . , . , . , , , ., , , . , .

, . 50-60% . , , . , .. , , , .


2.

: .

, , , , , ..

, , . , , (Telecommunications Management Networks - TMN).

, .

, . .

: . .

. TMN, .

.

. "" . , .

, . .

, , , .

, , . , .

.


3.

- , , . "" , , . "", "" "" . " " "", .


4. .

, . XX , . , . . .

4.1. , . p(t), , . , SDH ..

, p(t) . , .. . - - . - BER, :


nr,n BITSerr

= , BITSerr ~ , ,

BITS

a BITS - . :

.

.

, , , . , , , .

: , . (0 .

, . , , : " , , ?" . , .. .

, . - , , , . 4-7. (. 6). . 5, , , . - . 7. , . 10. .

, " " , . , , , .


5. ,

, , , , .

, . , , , . , ITU-T G.821, G.826 M.2100.

AS - availability seconds () - , .

AS (%) - availability seconds - , , . AS, AS (%) G.821. .

- background block error - , SES, . , ITU-T G.826.

BIT BIT ERR- bit errors - , , BER. .

- error block - , , BLER. .

BBER - background block error rate - SES. , ITU-T G.826.

BER RATE - bit error rate , - , , , . , (SES), . BER . , , , BER. BER , , .

BLER - block error rate , - , . . , . BLER (), BER. , , BLER () .

, ATM 53 . (). ATM 53 , BLER CER (Cell Error Rate). , BLER CRC.

CLKSLIP SLIP - clock slips - , , . . , , . . CLKSLIP (UAS). CLKSLIP UAS , , . CLKSLIP , 1 .

CRC ERR - CRC errors CRC - , (CRC), . CRC . . , CRC , .

CRC BER. CRC. -, CRC . CRC . -, CRC. , CRC , . , CRC , .

CRC RATE - CRC errors rate CRC - CRC. BER.

DGRM - degraded minutes - 60 , , BER=10"6. , 60 , , .

DGRM (%) - degraded minutes - , , .

EFS - error free seconds , () - , G.821 .2100/.550. , , , .. .

EFS (%) - error free seconds , () - , , .

ES - errors seconds , () - , . ES : AS = ES + EFS.

ES (%) - errors seconds - EFS (%) : ES (%) + EFS (%) = AS (%).

ESR - error seconds rate - , ES (%).

LOSS - loss of signal seconds () - , .

PATL - pattern loss - , , .

PATLS - pattern loss seconds - .

SES - severally errors seconds , , () - SES - , , . BER>10-3. SES . , SES - ES. SES , SES , 30% . , SES . SES G.821 .2100/.550.

SES (%) - severally errors seconds - , .

SESR - severally error seconds rate , - , SES (%).

SLIP CLKSLIP - clock slips - , , . (UAS). CLKSLIP UAS , , . CLKSLIP , 1 .

SLIPS CLKSLIPS - clock slips seconds - .

UAS - unavailability seconds () - 10 SES 10 SES. UAS . .

UAS (%) - unavailability seconds - , .


6.

, . , .. , .

- (, PRBS - Pseudorandom Binary Sequence).

. 1010, 0 1.

: , 1 0, 1 . , , . (), . .

, ( f).

. , - 8-16 . 0000 1111, .

:

1111 - . , . , 1, (AIS).'

1010 - . . - f 0101 0101.

- . , .

FOX. FOX . ASCII "Quick brown fox.". . :

2, 12, 2, 04, 8, , 92, 2, D2, 04, 42, 4, F2, , 72, 04, 62, F2, 1, 04, 52, , 2, OA, , 04, F2, 6, 2, 4, 04, 2, 12, 2, 04, 32, 82, 5, 9, 04, 22, F2, 2, 04, 8, 4, , 2, AC, 6, , 1, 9, , , 50

1-3 - . 1 3- . : f 010

1-4 - . 1 4- . : f 0100

1-8 - . 1 8- . : f 0100 0000

3-24 - 24 . 3 24- . : f 0100 0100 0000 0000 0000 0100

, . . .

/. . , (0 ). .


1.         .. 㳿 . , 2009 .

2.         .. 㳿 : : , 2007 .

3.         .., .. 㳿. : , 2004 .

4.         : 23.01 / . .., .. : , 2001. 63 .

5.         .., .. . 2-, . ., .,,19872.

6.         - 2005 .

: 1. 1.1 . 1.2

 

 

 

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