. , , ,

,,,

-

171

: 14 2008 . 12 . 00 .

:

: 3 . . -78()

: ..

2008


:

1 1 2 3
2 DW DW
3
4
5 : b: b :
6

. ( - 25 )


:

, . .
. 1994

1,99765

1,10000

21,19200

434,10000

. 1994 1,94435 31,50000 26,59500 587,90000
1994 1,93569 81,80000 32,32100 545,30000
. 1994 1,91014 13,40000 39,01800 763,20000
1994 1,97412 4,80000 44,22900 727,10000
1994 1,96735 0,30000 50,99500 714,20000
1994 1,85602 0,90000 55,21100 883,20000
. 1994 1,93775 0,40000 62,24100 879,00000
1994 1,93324 1,60000 76,57300 930,00000
. 1994 1,94668 1,20000 86,99700 1354,00000
1994 1,94556 9,80000 90,35500 1102,00000
1994 2,03750 8,50000 95,97500 1834,00000
. 1995 2,13182 4,70000 105,20000 906,11000
. 1995 2,14076 146,00000 116,08700 1183,06600
1995 2,15030 13,00000 124,30300 1361,49500
. 1995 2,15009 19,70000 141,50100 1339,20400
1995 2,15938 4,50000 152,64800 1726,67000
1995 2,12483 1,20000 165,56300 1246,91200
1995 2,02206 1,90000 183,11800 1170,78100
. 1995 2,01858 1,50000 197,88400 1743,18500
1995 2,01232 183,00000 212,22400 1933,86000
. 1995 2,03087 5,80000 227,40000 2249,20900
1995 2,04612 9,50000 244,30000 2519,10500
1995 2,12717 104,00000 249,60000 1814,02300
. 1996 2,14980 52,80000 281,10000 1123,63300
. 1996 2,15009 172,00000 292,00000 3077,96600
1996 2,12665 15,30000 314,00000 2558,11600
. 1996 2,07692 9,80000 340,40000 3249,06600
1996 2,13973 14,80000 367,50000 2155,53500
1996 2,06260 6,80000 400,00000 1817,58500
1996 2,07875 8,80000 431,50000 2436,77600
. 1996 2,13411 28,30000 448,00000 2153,27700
1996 2,20780 48,00000 471,00000 1417,66800
. 1996 2,24839 48,60000 508,10000 1918,29100
1996 2,25840 112,00000 522,00000 2732,59700
1996 2,20244 146,60000 538,00000 3900,56000
. 1997 2,33979 189,00000 552,80000 2611,58000
. 1997 2,30031 172,00000 585,20000 2665,21000
1997 2,24358 309,00000 627,00000 4307,07000
. 1997 2,18119 50,20000 660,80000 3286,84000
1997 2,21892 26,50000 680,90000 3800,29000
1997 2,10778 18,00000 696,30000 1782,05000
1997 2,11785 11,10000 723,10000 3131,94000
. 1997 2,08701 4,80000 735,50000 2457,14000
1997 2,13781 32,50000 748,80000 4883,67000
. 1997 2,16178 23,80000 770,80000 5774,59400
1997 2,16606 23,50000 787,90000 3318,55300
1997 2,27416 27,10000 782,20000 3223,76300

:

S:\MMM\|DATA.xls D:\ . D:\|DATA.xls ( : 1994 1997) , ,

.

1.         . , , , . .

2.         5%- , w . w . , ut .

3.         Excel, .

4.         , , .

5.         (, , ) .

6.         , .


1 .

:

1. Money & Credit .

2. Money multiplyer . , :

Source

The money multiplayer comes from our own calculations - divided by monetary base

Theoretical definition

The money multiplier describes the relationship between the monetary base and the money supply. Excess reserves of the commercial banking sector are expanded through banking loans which create new deposits.

Practical definition

M2 is chosen as the definition of money in accordance with most international bodies. However, as with all definitions of money their is a certain degree of arbitrariness involved with the definition. In Russia, for instance, it is substantially more difficult to add and remove money from deposit accounts than in OECD countries, making money far more illiquid than in these countries.

Shortages

The money multiplier only has problems insofar as the two components face problems.

Period covered

Money multiplier figures go back to December 1997.

:

,

, . , .

. . , , , . , , .

, .

1994 1997 .

3. Ratio . , .

4. The labour market .

5. Number of employees involved in strikes , .

6. The enterprises ()

7. Overdue liabilities of enterprises, 4 sectors, end of period 4 .

:

Receivables

Source

Russian Economic Trends receives the data from the Goskomstat publication, SESR. SESR receive the information from the Federal Bancruptcy Agency (FBA), who themselves produce the data from the balance sheets of the enterprises themselves.

Theoretical definition

The value of the gross stock of total and overdue receivables owed by all sectors of the economy to industrial enterprises.

Practical definition

The figures show the value of the gross credit provided by large and medium-sized industrial enterprises to the economy in general. The value of the credit is revalued as the balance sheet is revalued. If this is not done frequently then the receivables will tend to be undervalued.

Overdue receivables are defined as those not received for at least three months.

Shortages

The data presented is only for large and medium sized enterprises. Smaller scale enterprises are not covered. As small-scale enterprises are likely to have relatively less economic power, the percentage of their output that is covered by overdue receivables is likely to be quite high. They do, however, form only a small amount of GDP - around 12% (see Industrial Production).

In the data presented to the Federal Bancruptcy Agency, there will be two counter-acting incentives at work. On the one hand, the firm will want to underestimate its size in order to limit tax liability, while on the other hand it will want to persuade the FBA that their problems are ones of liquidity rather than financial viability.

It is not clear how often receivables are revalued on the balance sheets of industrial firms, or how such revaluations take place, there by creating uncertainty about the extent of the problem.

Total receivables stopped being published in Goskomstat from January 1996, leaving only overdue.

Period covered

The Russian Economic Trends database has figures going back to July 1992.

:

. , .

, .

, . , . , .

, .

. . , , , - , , , . - 12 %.

, , . , , . , , , , .

, , , .

1996, .

1992

8. The state budget

9. Federal expends. Law enforcement - . .

10. th , ( ).

11. bn R , .

W . , Y , , Z .

:

1. .

, . , ( ) .

- , : , .

, , , .

, . .

- , .

- , , . , , .

W.

2. Y , .

. 398 ( ) .

, , , .

. . , , , . , , . , , . , Y W, W Y.

3. Z - .

- , .

- . , - , . - , , , .

- , (, ) .

. 70 , 29.07.98 . 34, . 266 , , , , , , , .

( ) . , . , , .. , . , , , .

, , , .

, . , , . . , , , , , - , .

, , Z W, W Z.

2

 

- , .

, -, .. - .

, . .

- . (DW)

DW =

,

-1 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, DW 0 ≤ DW ≤ 4.

(ρ = 0), DW .

, DW < 2, , DW > 2.

DW 0 : ρ = 0 1 : ρ > 0 1 : ρ < 0. d* , DW > d* 0 , . ( ). , , dU dL ( dU > dL), , , , dL < d* < dU. [dL; dU] . :

1) 0 < DW < dL ;

2) dL < DW < dU ;

3) dU < DW < 4 dU ;

4) 4 dU < DW < 4 dL - ;

5) 4 dL < DW < 4 .

W .



W

∆ W

U ∆ U
434,10000 405,94396 28,15604
587,90000 153,80000 477,0841018 110,81590 82,65986
545,30000 -42,60000 548,2242436 -2,92424 -113,74014
763,20000 217,90000 619,3643853 143,83561 146,75986
727,10000 -36,10000 690,5045271 36,59547 -107,24014
714,20000 -12,90000 761,6446689 -47,44467 -84,04014
883,20000 169,00000 832,7848107 50,41519 97,85986
879,00000 -4,20000 903,9249524 -24,92495 -75,34014
930,00000 51,00000 975,0650942 -45,06509 -20,14014
1354,00000 424,00000 1046,205236 307,79476 352,85986
1102,00000 -252,00000 1117,345378 -15,34538 -323,14014
1834,00000 732,00000 1188,48552 645,51448 660,85986
906,11000 -927,89000 1259,625661 -353,51566 -999,03014
1183,06600 276,95600 1330,765803 -147,69980 205,81586
1361,49500 178,42900 1401,905945 -40,41094 107,28886
1339,20400 -22,29100 1473,046087 -133,84209 -93,43114
1726,67000 387,46600 1544,186228 182,48377 316,32586
1246,91200 -479,75800 1615,32637 -368,41437 -550,89814
1170,78100 -76,13100 1686,466512 -515,68551 -147,27114
1743,18500 572,40400 1757,606654 -14,42165 501,26386
1933,86000 190,67500 1828,746795 105,11320 119,53486
2249,20900 315,34900 1899,886937 349,32206 244,20886
2519,10500 269,89600 1971,027079 548,07792 198,75586
1814,02300 -705,08200 2042,167221 -228,14422 -776,22214
1123,63300 -690,39000 2113,307363 -989,67436 -761,53014
3077,96600 1954,33300 2184,447504 893,51850 1883,19286
2558,11600 -519,85000 2255,587646 302,52835 -590,99014
3249,06600 690,95000 2326,727788 922,33821 619,80986
2155,53500 -1093,53100 2397,86793 -242,33293 -1164,67114
1817,58500 -337,95000 2469,008071 -651,42307 -409,09014
2436,77600 619,19100 2540,148213 -103,37221 548,05086
2153,27700 -283,49900 2611,288355 -458,01135 -354,63914
1417,66800 -735,60900 2682,428497 -1264,76050 -806,74914
1918,29100 500,62300 2753,568638 -835,27764 429,48286
2732,59700 814,30600 2824,70878 -92,11178 743,16586
3900,56000 1167,96300 2895,848922 1004,71108 1096,82286
2611,58000 -1288,98000 2966,989064 -355,40906 -1360,12014
2665,21000 53,63000 3038,129206 -372,91921 -17,51014
4307,07000 1641,86000 3109,269347 1197,80065 1570,71986
3286,84000 -1020,23000 3180,409489 106,43051 -1091,37014
3800,29000 513,45000 3251,549631 548,74037 442,30986
1782,05000 -2018,24000 3322,689773 -1540,63977 -2089,38014
3131,94000 1349,89000 3393,829914 -261,88991 1278,74986
2457,14000 -674,80000 3464,970056 -1007,83006 -745,94014
4883,67000 2426,53000 3536,110198 1347,55980 2355,38986
5774,59400 890,92400 3607,25034 2167,34366 819,78386
3318,55300 -2456,04100 3678,390482 -359,83748 -2527,18114
3223,76300 -94,79000 3749,530623 -525,76762 -165,93014

1. W:

DW = = 0,568043736

dU dL 5% = 48 dL = 1,50; dU = 1,59.

: DW = 0,568043736 < 1,50 = dL, W .

.

:

:

DW = = 1,843115542

dU dL 5% = 48 dL = 1,46; dU = 1,63.

: DW = 1,843115542 > 1,63 = dU DW = 1,843115542 < 4 1,63 = 2,37 = 4 dU, Ut .

: Ut.

3

, b .

1. . :

W X, Y, Z

.

2. L = L [X; Y; Z; W]

L = L [X; Y; Z; W] :

XX XY XZ XW
YX YY YZ YW
ZX ZY ZZ ZW
WX WY WZ WW

3. . , .

:

11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44

, , . . . : CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER .

4. , b

.

(W), , b :

a = -41/44 b = -42/44 = -43/44

:

a = 726,022045 b = 2,846786592 = 3,902613829

t

799,1173637
945,4437967
1117,269068
967,2375038
916,6366705
935,1461501
1034,137686
1000,812456
1063,429954
1093,216886
1131,615033
1083,099645
1039,806389
1478,055819
1124,567706
1210,913219
1204,401395
1270,489403
1415,606965
1474,617739
2051,821526
1593,127141
1658,542161
1889,406138
1850,150248
2231,813541
1888,600979
2012,07483
2086,469922
2246,531592
2363,432552
2443,143732
2535,482062
2652,51183
2879,974844
3081,540325
3160,286872
3267,001668
3861,325656
3301,77932
3285,364063
3401,952718
3479,589956
3532,442981
3626,319715
3670,005424
3732,779683
3642,297672
2077,737292

4

() , .

1. ( )

:

2. ( ):

, j < m

:

, j ≠ m.

3. ( ):

:

, 2 ,

4. ( )

:

, 2,

, .

, .

0 < < 1.

, .

= 0,680976589.


5

.

1. f g , : , Y; Z.

L [Y; Z; X].

YY YZ YX
ZY ZZ ZX
XY XZ XX

, . ( ), , f g :

f = -31/33 g = -32/33

2. . : , :

3. m; n , : W, Y; Z.

L [Y; Z; W], :

YY YZ YW
ZY ZZ ZW
WY WZ WW

. ( ), , m; n .

m = -31/33 n = -32/33

4. . : , - : .

5. t (0,05; 2)

.

6. [d1; d2] :

d1 = ; d2 =


, w , .

: a, b, .

a:

Ut Vt
0,01149 -373,36131
-0,06013 -313,88489
-0,09823 -500,65379
-0,08774 -140,33282
-0,02043 -174,70249
-0,02657 -201,65287
-0,13940 -49,72967
-0,05933 -78,73631
-0,06845 -83,73499
-0,05766 302,64743
-0,06447 17,18988
0,02664 731,55961
0,12052 -221,19665
0,04820 -329,98551
0,12914 143,16744
0,12048 40,82041
0,13511 424,17334
0,09884 -95,33570
-0,00916 -238,17639
-0,01648 280,53353
-0,12722 -25,59792
-0,01471 666,76066
-0,00616 865,03808
0,02108 -90,69097
0,06339 -772,54325
-0,00533 850,02447
0,05195 631,80160
-0,00201 1238,44989
0,05056 32,35612
-0,03110 -406,36945
-0,02473 91,30160
0,01528 -300,96111
0,07173 -1169,88938
0,10176 -808,09808
0,07283 -200,25117
-0,00670 823,88454
0,10308 -623,54830
0,06409 -648,32138
-0,08003 503,84878
-0,00840 -8,84112
0,03691 488,12670
-0,07376 -1566,35279
-0,06725 -298,82295
-0,09803 -1004,13310
-0,06623 1305,43489
-0,04350 2136,17145
-0,04377 -382,44987
0,06391 -464,93619

b:

Ut b Vt b
-23,47559 -431,84736
26,95313 -280,81400
80,74856 -342,09514
22,15600 -140,96409
-9,90273 -217,72764
-11,55513 -253,84115
30,52604 -64,03657
0,08075 -121,58258
3,66611 -122,99332
-1,19381 257,38458
7,98798 -6,87496
-27,11122 673,72051
-65,41348 -319,91460
73,11726 -86,84057
-63,01018 57,55076
-55,37166 -29,34051
-73,45752 313,15071
-63,30661 -203,79782
-23,63244 -312,10249
-22,00609 205,92063
162,53294 344,73506
-20,78616 596,90809
-21,89493 798,23264
42,82658 46,53499
-15,18956 -769,75868
104,44682 1143,49027
-42,46293 548,63213
-28,21046 1156,68200
-45,13863 -59,43497
-22,92131 -494,19868
-25,33372 1,22374
-25,53171 -362,55005
-32,00032 -1208,91214
-44,59080 -861,16131
15,79210 -102,42111
71,93404 1023,80054
64,16036 -366,05602
63,41561 -421,26096
223,53285 1082,09466
-10,45185 -44,69351
-47,13174 380,75194
-13,66517 -1658,80454
-22,95825 -413,00718
-17,20387 -1124,27874
-7,67160 1235,51087
-24,15877 2035,81371
-25,19031 -485,93811
-61,94858 -594,88904

:

Ut Vt
-161,75633 -996,28985
-49,68961 -551,46315
-5,33501 -592,78957
13,53108 -151,23091
-96,20156 -564,97419
-79,81521 -532,43409
117,65294 308,21632
-17,21113 -188,98085
5,48894 -112,00876
-7,56409 231,26339
1,76847 -22,71336
-152,57175 155,47175
-308,61077 -1338,08505
-246,85626 -1258,37446
-317,64491 -1002,71812
-296,93056 -1030,51453
-309,02026 -683,71813
-237,77974 -951,53990
-41,76454 -407,81682
-21,16191 185,98051
89,27625 230,44919
-10,92489 613,44624
-18,72071 787,50315
-109,51511 -502,77830
-141,29142 -1277,92309
-74,91716 553,77971
-85,87313 334,38535
24,13273 1331,17188
-55,28190 -146,67885
107,15555 -10,75987
111,60315 508,88745
41,30287 -128,67759
-54,17733 -1329,24725
-87,13975 -1074,29363
-60,81987 -384,73432
68,41568 1086,01965
-134,92937 -1075,28411
-42,07840 -766,00742
162,38522 1079,47115
182,77542 698,36254
126,35774 1008,05139
330,39252 -330,50831
336,50046 965,58139
399,40754 483,43041
337,66108 2575,11109
314,02384 3330,10235
323,56685 848,52978
132,18434 97,32975

a = 726,022045

b = 2,846786592

= 3,902613829

[d1; d2] : [-3484,837463; 2032,793373].

: 0 , 0,05 w .

[d1; d2] b : [-0,525333618; 6,218906803].

: 0 , 0,05 w .

[d1; d2] : [2,802620379; 5,002607279].

: 0 , 0,05 w .

6

 

w, .

171 : 14 2008 . 12 . 00 .

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :