. , , ,

,,,

Internet — ,

-

( )

(28 )

Internet

: ..

: 431

: ..

-, 1999


堠 2

1. 堠 3

2. Internet 4

Internet? 4

ARPANET 4

ARPANET 70- 5

Internet 80- 6

90- WWW 8

3. Internet 10

4. Internet 12

5. Internet 16

5 - 1. Internet World Wide Web (WWW) 18

WWW 18

WWW 18

WWW 19

5 - 2. Internet 堠 24

(E-Mail) 24

(telnet) 25

(ftp) 25

(UseNet news) 26

(Archie) 27

(WhoIs) 27

Gopher 27

(WAIS) 28

29

6. Internet 蠠 30

ࠠ 30

VRML Internet 30

/ Intranet 31

HTML 33

WWW 33

Java 34

ActiveX 34

7. Internet 35

ࠠ 38


1.

17 1974 " ": " , , , 50 ", - , - " , - - ...". .

20 Internet , . 20- . , Internet , Internet.

, , , Internet, . , , Internet, .

, Internet. , , , . , , , , . . , , . . , , Internet . Echelon () () ( ), , Internet -, - , . , , , , Internet .

,

, , ,


2. Internet

Internet?

1960- , , RAND Corporation, , , . , , . 4 1957 . , . Internet. - - ( ). a priori : . , .

, 1964 RAND (Paul Baran), , () . , . , . , , ( ) .

ARPANET

1960- , RAND, - . NPL (National Physical Laboratory , ). 1968 , - ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, ), - .

1969 ARPANET, , :

     SDS SIGMA -,

     SDS940 ,

     IBM360 -,

     DEC PDP-10 .

ARPANET . , , .

1971 ARPANET 15 , , RAND, , -, Case Western Reserve NASA .

1972 ARPANET 37 , 1973 . DCA (Defence Communication Agency, ), DISA (Defence Information Systems Agency, ).

, ARPANET , ARPANET , . . , , .

ARPANET 70-

, , ARPANET . 1970- . Ÿ , , , - , ( ) NCP (Network Control Protocol, ). TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, / Intenet, ).

1974 , NSF (National Science Foundation, - ), TCP/IP, 1977 ARPANET .

TCP/IP, , NCP , , , . IP , , , , NCP ARPANET.

, , , . ISO (Organization for International Standartization, ) , , . Internet IP- . . , . , , .

TCP/IP ARPANET, .

1983 ARPANET, Internet, , NCP TCP/IP.

ARPANET MILNET, Defence Data Network (DDN, ) . Internet : MILNET ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET , Internet , .

, MIL STD (Military Standarts, ), , , .

ARPA Berkley Software Design - TCP/IP Berkley (BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP. UNIX , ( , , , ..) , . , Internet ( , , ) .

Internet 80-

1980- Internet.

(LAN), , Ethernet . , . UNIX. Internet (IP). : ARPANET ( Internet Internet , / Intranet). , , IP . , , , .

, .

Internet :

     EUNet UNIX-,

- 1982

     EARN - , 1983

     JUNET UNIX-,

1984

     JANET ,

1984.

80- , NSF, NSFNET , , - . Internet (Internet Backbone). . , . .

: . ARPANET, , . NSF , IP ARPANET. 56 / ( ( . ).

, , .. - , . . . , . , .

, , . , . , , . () , , .

1987 . Merit Network Inc., IBM MCI. , Internet 1988 NSFNET T1 (1.544 / c ). .

. . , , Internet - . , , . , .

, NSF , . Internet , . NSF Internet , , , , . , Internet. . Internet, . Internet . , , .

1987 , Intenet, 10 000. 1989 100 000.

 

 

90- WWW

1990- Internet, . - - NSFNET, 1991 NSFNET T3, 44.738 /. ( Internet 100-200% !).

1990 , Archie. WAIS, Gopher (, Gopher Gold Gopher). Gopher , Go for ( ) . 1992 Veronica, . Internet.

1992 , .

, , Internet 1990- (, , ) WWW (World Wide Web, ).

1990 CERN ( , ) WWW-, NeXT. WWW - 1992 . 1993 NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications, ) - (.. ) Mosaic. 1993 Mosaic, WWW 1% NSFNET. 1993 200 WWW- .

1993 NSF Internet . NSFNET. 1995 , NSFNET, 30 1995 .

:

     OC3 (155 /) vBNS (very high speed Backbone Network Service, ), NSF, ,

     NAP (Network Access Point, ), - -, , - , vBNS, ( ), -

     , .

Internet WWW . WWW- , . Internet ( ) 1995 6.5 , , , , , .

- , - Internet 4 1969 3,2 1994. Internet , - (Unix, VMS), - TCP/IP - - .


3. Internet

Internet , ; Internet . , Internet , ISOC (Internet Society). ISOC - . - Internet. , , Internet.

1979 ARPA ICCB (Internetwork Configuration and Control Board, ), 1983 IAB (Internet Activities Board, Internet). IAB - , , , , , . Internet , . . IAB ; , . , , . IAB ( ), . , Internet 32- ; . ? IAB . , , .

Internet IETF (Internet Enginering Task Force, Internet). IETF - ; , . IETF . ( , ). IETF ; , , - .

: , , , , (, ). . , , , , IAB, .

Internet, , Internet. , , - IETF. , , Internet . - , . -, Internet, , .

WWW, , Internet , , , . , WWW, W3C (World Wide Web Consortium, ). W3C , WWW.

Internet ; Internet Inc., Internet . . NSF NSFNET. NASA NASA (NASA Science Internet). , . , .

, Internet , , . - ( - ), , , . - Internet. , Pacific Bell, AT&T, MCI, British Telecom, Telefon's de Mexico .., - , . , ; , , , - . , , : MCI, AT&T . , ( ) . , -, , , . - , . , , , , .

Internet. (NOC). , . Internet , . , - , NOC , , .

TCP/IP, Internet, . , . (Token Ring, Ethernet, ..), , (, HEPNet), , , , BitNet Sprint. , . , . , ( ).

. , , , , , (IP-) , , .


4. Internet

, . " 1971 . , , 480 ./ 1 335 . " - - "Intel", . , 75 !

, . " ", "Business week" " ".

, . , : - . - - , . - . , . , . . , . , .

: , . , , .

- . , , , , .

- . . , , , , , - . , , , .

Internet 10 . 80- . Internet .

Internet, , . . , , , . , Internet, . . , , , . Internet. . .

, Internet : . . Internet, , , . Internet - . , . , , , , , :

- , ;

- - -, - ;

- , , - ;

- , .

. Internet . - , - ( ), , .

Internet . NASA, , . , , , . -. . , -.

Internet :

1.

Internet . , . , , . , , .

2.

, , , , , . , . . . , , . , , , .


3.

Internet : , , , , , , , , . , - , - , , , Internet , , , , .

4.

, , , , , , , . : , , . , , , , , .. , .

5.

, . , , , , . Internet, . , .

 

6.

, , . , . . Internet , . , , , .

7. 21-

c Real Audio. . Internet , . , . , Internet .

8.

, - , : ? Internet , : , , ..

9.

, , Internet. Internet , , , , ..

10.

, , : , .. , , , .

11.

Web, , . , . , .

12. .

- - . , , . . Internet : , , , .

, . Internet, - , , .

, , , , Internet. , .

( ) , , . Internet , .

. , , , ; , . . , . , , - .


5. Internet

, . Internet WWW , Internet World Wide Web, . Intenet . Internet , .

Internet , , - , . , Internet , .

Internet , , (E-Mail), Telnet, FTP, Gopher, WWW, World Wide Web. , , , Internet:

  Internet World Wide Web ( ). . , , 30 . WWW. WWW . , Internet ( , , ). , , - (browser). Netscape Navigator MS Internet Explorer, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language WWW), Java. , : , , .

  . , , . E-mail , . - : .

  (worldchat) (USENET). , Internet, on-line, , , .

  Internet on-line, .. .

  Internet, .

  Internet : , . ? -, . , Internet . -, Internet, , , .. -, , Internet. , , , ?

Internet . TCP/IP , , - . Internet , , . , , . , , , , , . . . , . . Internet , , . , . , , . . .

Internet . , , Internet. - 1996-97 Web, Internet. Internet ; ; ; , ; ; , back-office front-office. .


5 - 1. Internet World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW

World Wide Web (. WWW Web W3, - ), , . , , , . , , (home page) Web- . , , , Internet , , , Internet. , - , WWW .

WWW Internet, , . ( - : /), , ( ) .

, WWW Internet, . 1996 , , 300.000 WWW-, 200 , WWW 3-4 ( 1997 .)!

WWW

WWW Internet . , , 1990 . - (CERN) (WWW-), Internet.

, WWW, , 1993 ., (, ) NCSA Mosaic WWW. Internet.

World Wide Web WWW, , ( . , Browser).

Internet . 1995 , , Mosaic, Netscape Communications Netscape Navigator .

Internet, Microsoft ( , , ). 1996 Internet. MS Internet Explorer, Internet-.

, Mosaic for Windows WWW, Mosaic WWW ( ).

, , , WWW ? . , , , , , , , WWW , WWW-, .

WWW , WWW , , , , , - .

WWW , , , , . Internet .

 

WWW

WWW . - () , , , ..

1989 , , , , . . - , , , . , :

HTML (HyperText Markup Language),

URL (Universal Resource Locator),

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).

NCSA :

- CGI (Common Gateway Interface).

HTML . : , .

1989 , .. . . , , . , , , , .

. CERN_ - , TeX LaTeX. , SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language, ).

, - CERN, NeXT VAX/VMS.

. . , . HTML . .   WWW ASCII-, . , .

SGML. , - HTML SGML ( -). , HTML , , , . ., .. NeXT . , .

.. , , , . , 1996-97 . () Internet (UNIX, MaxOS, Windows). -.

HTML ISO 8879:1986 Information processing. Text and office systems. Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML). , .

(HTML 1.0) . . , , . . , HTML , .

, , , .

, , HTML HTML 2.0. 1995 W3C HTML 2.0 RFC (Request for Comment, ). W3C IETF HTML 3.0.

WWW, Netscape, , (, ) Microsoft Corp., , - HTML. , , Netscape Navigator Netscape, Microsoft Internet Explorer, , Microsoft.

, Nestacape Navigator Internet Explorer HTML, W3C. 2.0 ( 1995 ) .

1995- 1996 (Netscape MS) , HTML . HTML3 , NS MS , - , ( Microsoft) . , , 2.0, Netscape Microsoft. , W3, HTML3, , Micosoft, Netscape, Sun HTML 3.2, Netscape.

1996- HTML 3.2 . (style sheets), , , , ( LaTeX) Java.

() . , , , , . (URL, Uniform Resource Locator )

WWW , - , - .. Internet WWW , telnet, e-mail, ftp, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, UseNet News ..

WWW , , , , , , , , .

Gopher (. ), . Gopher , , . , , .. WWW , . . , , , , , , .., , . , ( , ..) .

( ) , ( , , , ..), WWW . WWW , , , . , , telnet WWW - .

, WWW-. , WWW , WWW- , , , . , , Internet ( WWW Web-).

WWW . Universal Resource Identification (URI) , e-mail, Gopher, WAIS, telnet, ftp . . , URI, WWW Universal Resource Locator (URL). HTML . URL . URL HTML, e-mail, telnet, ftp, Gopher, WAIS, .

- . , , , Netscape, , HTTP, WWW, , , , Chimera, . , , HTML, URL. , MIME , HTML. MIME text/html.

World Wide Web -HyperText Transfer Protocol. . ,

,

(relocation), ,

. . HTTP ASCII-.

WWW , .

WWW - NCSA - Common Gateway Interface.

CGI WWW . WWW. CERN , NCSA . , CERN , HTTP, .

CGI . /, . CGI , HTTP. (GET POST), HTML , WWW CGI , WWW-.

Web , , , . , . . CGI .

CGI , . , CGI-, , - , -, , - .. , .

CGI- . , Web , , . , . . HTML- , .

CGI , , , , , HTTP-.


5 - 2. Internet

(E-Mail)

E-Mail Internet. . ( + ), () - , , , , , .

, "". , - , ,

- , ,

- , ,

- , , , , ,

- ,

- , ; ,

, , .

E-Mail , , , , , , , ( ) , , , " " .. Internet , , .

- . ARPANET , , ( , ) "-". . , . , , , ARPANET , .

- , , . , .

, , , . . , . .

(telnet)

Remote Login ( ) - , , .. ( ), . , , , , . Internet dial-up . , , 19% .

(ftp)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol, ) - , .

ftp telnet. .. ftp , , .. . dial-up ( ). ftp ( ) , , , . , , , .

ASCII- , , .., .

. ftp, ftp. , ftp, , , , , , , ftp, .

ftp . 40% , - 4%. ( !).

ftp e-mail , , - .

FTP . Internet FTP- , , , , .

FTP- . FTP- , , .

FTP, , . , , , Internet . , , , , , FTP- , .. 1990 , , Archie, ( , ) FTP. , .

(UseNet news)

UseNet - . () . , (BBS, Bulletin Board System), .

, . : , . , , , . , .

, : , : . , . 1% .

- , , () , - , , , .. :

    comp - ;

    news - ;

    rec - , , ..;

    sci - ;

    soc - ;

    talk - ( , );

    misc - .


(Archie)

Archie - ftp. , , ( ftp-) : , , , . () , , , . , () , , Archie , . , , . , (, , , ) , , , , . Archie Archie- (, archie.doc.ic.ac.uk ( )). Archie Internet-, , . e-mail (!).

 

(WhoIs)

, , .. , . - ? , , (!) .. - , , . , , .

. , , UNIX- finger. , . finger 0.41% .

- WhoIs, . WhoIs ( ) DDN (Defence Data Network, ) NIC (Network Information Center, ) 150000 . .

Gopher

Gopher - Internet. , Internet. , . , : telnet, ftp, e-mail .. .. , - - .

Gopher- . 1.6% . , , . . , , , .

Internet 2000 Gopher-, , .

Gopher , . Gopher, , . Gopher- , . VERONICA. VERONICA 500 Gopher, .

(WAIS)

WAIS - . , , .. , , dial-up . Gopher. , , Archie.

WAIS, , , ; , ; ; , .. . WAIS . , , WAIS -.

? - . : . .

, ; - , . , - -, . - . , , .. , - . WAIS , - , , . - . .

Internet 200 WAIS - . , .

, . . . ( F-16, F-19 ..), . , , - Internet .

Knowbot (). , , , . , , . , : . .

( ), - . , , , , , -, -, . . , , . .

, Internet .

Webster - .

- - , - .

- . .

- , TCP/IP (FidoNet, Goldnet, AT50).


6. Internet

1995 7 . , , .

1999 , Internet 12 . 200 75 % - - , Internet.

Internet 15 150 . 7-10%. Internet , , , .

VRML Internet

1994 World Wide Web, , - (Tim Berners-Lee) (Dave Raggett) , Birds-of-a-Feather (BOF), WWW.

, , , "" . , , ( ), .

, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), , , HTML , . , , , . , , :

, , .

VRML, HTML, Virtual Reality Markup Language. Markup Modeting , VRML.

. , Virtual Reality Modeling Language - ,

, "" WWW. VRML. , , VRML -

WWW.

VRML . , , , , HTML, , MIME. , , - , HTML, .

, VRML HTML.

- VRML? , VRML . , - , MID-, .. (nodes).

:

1) : , , , ..

2) , : ,

; (fields). 0

3) , .

VRML - -, , ,

.

VRML, . , BE. - BEF (BE Format). - . BEF , VRML 1.0, , a VRML I.0, , . BEF . , , .

W3C WWW: VRML, PostScript, VR- .

, . Internet , . World Inc. VRML - VRML+. , - . , . .

/ Intranet

. , . " ". , , Microsoft " ".

(, (LAN, Local Area Network)) , . , , . - . , , . Internet, .

, , (Intranet), , , HTML . , Internet, , .

Intranet , Internet, Web, TCP/IP HTTP , HTML . Intranet , , , , , . ? , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , Intranet "" . , ( ) , , , , .

Intranet . , . Web Internet , , , , . HTML. text-to-speech - .

 

, , Intranet , . , , , , , . web-, , . . , , .

HTML

SGML , , , HTML. HTML SGML. HTML SGML W3C. HTML, SGML.

, WWW , . , 7- ASCII.

ASCII American Standart Code for Information Interchage, . , 7- ASCII 128 , , . , . 8- (256 ) , , .

, Internet, , Internet.

Internet , (ISO-8859 Latin-1 8-) , 16- (65535 ), , .

WWW

. , ( 56 /), , , . , - ISDN.

ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network, ) , , . ISDN Internet 4.5 , , 128 /.

, , , , . Internet 1-10 /, .

( , ).


Java

, Internet, Java, Java, Java Web-, Java. Java HTML-. Web-, . Java - Java DataBase Connectivity (JDBC), , Java- , .

Cascade Style Sheets (CSS), , HTML-, .

ActiveX

ActiveX OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, ), Internet . Java OLE-. ActiveX (Component Object Model, ) . ActiveX Windows- Web. DCOM (Distributed Component Object, ) , Internet. ActiveX (plug-in) Internet Explorer 3.0 Netscape Navgator 3.0.


7. Internet

80, . , , , , .

, . , , . -. ( , ) .

Web- . , , . , .

, , . Web- , , .

, , . 2500 . Yahoo,- . () - . , . , - .

, , , . - . , . , . :

1) , (, , , ), , . , , , , , , : MS Windows, UNIX (KOI-8, OS/2, MacOS), . , , , .

2) , . 14400-28800 bps 3-5 . - 1 ( ). , , , , .

Internet , : , (, ru ), , (ISP, Internet Serive Provider) .

. Internet, .

, . , .

Internet ru () su (), - (ua), (by) .

- (), ru, 23 1999 . 15 869 . ( Internet) 1999 . ru su 29 415 .

, . , , 18 58 721 , 4 447 779 2 916 268 ( Internet , , ). : 15 000 Web-. 23 Web-.

Internet.

Yandex.Ru , ru-. , 15 6 94 ( , 100 , - 2 250 , 100 ).

- : 46 054

- URL: 11 028 820

- : 101,94


. ( 1998 1999) :

- - - 1324%

- - - 345%

- - 1618%

- - - 384%

- -122%

- - 469%

- ru-Internet 833 6,15 .

Internet , , , , . , Internet .


. . - , 1996. - 252 .

. `, . . Microsoft IE3 : . . - , 1997. - 880 .

. . Internet - , 1997. - 400 .

. . Internet : . . - , 1996. - 640 .

. . . - , 1996. - 160 .

. . Internet - , 1998. - 464 .

. . : . . , 1997 - 304 .

. . TCP/IP: . . ,1996 - 384 .

. . : WWW: . . ,1996 - 336 .

. : Internet: . . ,1998 - 560 .

Internet.

- ( ) (28 ) Internet

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :