,,,
-
( )
(28 )
Internet
: ..
: 431
: ..
-, 1999
堠 2
1. 堠 3
2. Internet 4
Internet? 4
ARPANET 4
ARPANET 70- 5
Internet 80- 6
90- WWW 8
3. Internet 10
4. Internet 12
5. Internet 16
5 - 1. Internet World Wide Web (WWW) 18
WWW 18
WWW 18
WWW 19
5 - 2. Internet 堠 24
(E-Mail) 24
(telnet) 25
(ftp) 25
(UseNet news) 26
(Archie) 27
(WhoIs) 27
Gopher 27
(WAIS) 28
29
6. Internet 蠠 30
ࠠ 30
VRML Internet 30
/ Intranet 31
HTML 33
WWW 33
Java 34
ActiveX 34
7. Internet 35
ࠠ 38
1.
17 1974 " ": " , , , 50 ", - , - " , - - ...". .
20 Internet , . 20- . , Internet , Internet.
, , , Internet, . , , Internet, .
, Internet. , , , . , , , , . . , , . . , , Internet . Echelon () () ( ), , Internet -, - , . , , , , Internet .
,
, , ,
2. Internet
Internet?
1960- , , RAND Corporation, , , . , , . 4 1957 . , . Internet. - - ( ). a priori : . , .
, 1964 RAND (Paul Baran), , () . , . , . , , ( ) .
ARPANET
1960- , RAND, - . NPL (National Physical Laboratory , ). 1968 , - ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, ), - .
1969 ARPANET, , :
SDS SIGMA -,
SDS940 ,
IBM360 -,
DEC PDP-10 .
ARPANET . , , .
1971 ARPANET 15 , , RAND, , -, Case Western Reserve NASA .
1972 ARPANET 37 , 1973 . DCA (Defence Communication Agency, ), DISA (Defence Information Systems Agency, ).
, ARPANET , ARPANET , . . , , .
ARPANET 70-
, , ARPANET . 1970- . Ÿ , , , - , ( ) NCP (Network Control Protocol, ). TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, / Intenet, ).
1974 , NSF (National Science Foundation, - ), TCP/IP, 1977 ARPANET .
TCP/IP, , NCP , , , . IP , , , , NCP ARPANET.
, , , . ISO (Organization for International Standartization, ) , , . Internet IP- . . , . , , .
TCP/IP ARPANET, .
1983 ARPANET, Internet, , NCP TCP/IP.
ARPANET MILNET, Defence Data Network (DDN, ) . Internet : MILNET ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET , Internet , .
, MIL STD (Military Standarts, ), , , .
ARPA Berkley Software Design - TCP/IP Berkley (BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP. UNIX , ( , , , ..) , . , Internet ( , , ) .
Internet 80-
1980- Internet.
(LAN), , Ethernet . , . UNIX. Internet (IP). : ARPANET ( Internet Internet , / Intranet). , , IP . , , , .
, .
Internet :
EUNet UNIX-,
- 1982
EARN - , 1983
JUNET UNIX-,
1984
JANET ,
1984.
80- , NSF, NSFNET , , - . Internet (Internet Backbone). . , . .
: . ARPANET, , . NSF , IP ARPANET. 56 / ( ( . ).
, , .. - , . . . , . , .
, , . , . , , . () , , .
1987 . Merit Network Inc., IBM MCI. , Internet 1988 NSFNET T1 (1.544 / c ). .
. . , , Internet - . , , . , .
, NSF , . Internet , . NSF Internet , , , , . , Internet. . Internet, . Internet . , , .
1987 , Intenet, 10 000. 1989 100 000.
90- WWW
1990- Internet, . - - NSFNET, 1991 NSFNET T3, 44.738 /. ( Internet 100-200% !).
1990 , Archie. WAIS, Gopher (, Gopher Gold Gopher). Gopher , Go for ( ) . 1992 Veronica, . Internet.
1992 , .
, , Internet 1990- (, , ) WWW (World Wide Web, ).
1990 CERN ( , ) WWW-, NeXT. WWW - 1992 . 1993 NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications, ) - (.. ) Mosaic. 1993 Mosaic, WWW 1% NSFNET. 1993 200 WWW- .
1993 NSF Internet . NSFNET. 1995 , NSFNET, 30 1995 .
:
OC3 (155 /) vBNS (very high speed Backbone Network Service, ), NSF, ,
NAP (Network Access Point, ), - -, , - , vBNS, ( ), -
, .
Internet WWW . WWW- , . Internet ( ) 1995 6.5 , , , , , .
- , - Internet 4 1969 3,2 1994. Internet , - (Unix, VMS), - TCP/IP - - .
3. Internet
Internet , ; Internet . , Internet , ISOC (Internet Society). ISOC - . - Internet. , , Internet.
1979 ARPA ICCB (Internetwork Configuration and Control Board, ), 1983 IAB (Internet Activities Board, Internet). IAB - , , , , , . Internet , . . IAB ; , . , , . IAB ( ), . , Internet 32- ; . ? IAB . , , .
Internet IETF (Internet Enginering Task Force, Internet). IETF - ; , . IETF . ( , ). IETF ; , , - .
: , , , , (, ). . , , , , IAB, .
Internet, , Internet. , , - IETF. , , Internet . - , . -, Internet, , .
WWW, , Internet , , , . , WWW, W3C (World Wide Web Consortium, ). W3C , WWW.
Internet ; Internet Inc., Internet . . NSF NSFNET. NASA NASA (NASA Science Internet). , . , .
, Internet , , . - ( - ), , , . - Internet. , Pacific Bell, AT&T, MCI, British Telecom, Telefon's de Mexico .., - , . , ; , , , - . , , : MCI, AT&T . , ( ) . , -, , , . - , . , , , , .
Internet. (NOC). , . Internet , . , - , NOC , , .
TCP/IP, Internet, . , . (Token Ring, Ethernet, ..), , (, HEPNet), , , , BitNet Sprint. , . , . , ( ).
. , , , , , (IP-) , , .
4. Internet
, . " 1971 . , , 480 ./ 1 335 . " - - "Intel", . , 75 !
, . " ", "Business week" " ".
, . , : - . - - , . - . , . , . . , . , .
: , . , , .
- . , , , , .
- . . , , , , , - . , , , .
Internet 10 . 80- . Internet .
Internet, , . . , , , . , Internet, . . , , , . Internet. . .
, Internet : . . Internet, , , . Internet - . , . , , , , , :
- , ;
- - -, - ;
- , , - ;
- , .
. Internet . - , - ( ), , .
Internet . NASA, , . , , , . -. . , -.
Internet :
1.
Internet . , . , , . , , .
2.
, , , , , . , . . . , , . , , , .
3.
Internet : , , , , , , , , . , - , - , , , Internet , , , , .
4.
, , , , , , , . : , , . , , , , , .. , .
5.
, . , , , , . Internet, . , .
6.
, , . , . . Internet , . , , , .
7. 21-
c Real Audio. . Internet , . , . , Internet .
8.
, - , : ? Internet , : , , ..
9.
, , Internet. Internet , , , , ..
10.
, , : , .. , , , .
11.
Web, , . , . , .
12. .
- - . , , . . Internet : , , , .
, . Internet, - , , .
, , , , Internet. , .
( ) , , . Internet , .
. , , , ; , . . , . , , - .
5. Internet
, . Internet WWW , Internet World Wide Web, . Intenet . Internet , .
Internet , , - , . , Internet , .
Internet , , (E-Mail), Telnet, FTP, Gopher, WWW, World Wide Web. , , , Internet:
Internet World Wide Web ( ). . , , 30 . WWW. WWW . , Internet ( , , ). , , - (browser). Netscape Navigator MS Internet Explorer, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language WWW), Java. , : , , .
. , , . E-mail , . - : .
(worldchat) (USENET). , Internet, on-line, , , .
Internet on-line, .. .
Internet, .
Internet : , . ? -, . , Internet . -, Internet, , , .. -, , Internet. , , , ?
Internet . TCP/IP , , - . Internet , , . , , . , , , , , . . . , . . Internet , , . , . , , . . .
Internet . , , Internet. - 1996-97 Web, Internet. Internet ; ; ; , ; ; , back-office front-office. .
5 - 1. Internet World Wide Web (WWW)
WWW
World Wide Web (. WWW Web W3, - ), , . , , , . , , (home page) Web- . , , , Internet , , , Internet. , - , WWW .
WWW Internet, , . ( - : /), , ( ) .
, WWW Internet, . 1996 , , 300.000 WWW-, 200 , WWW 3-4 ( 1997 .)!
WWW
WWW Internet . , , 1990 . - (CERN) (WWW-), Internet.
, WWW, , 1993 ., (, ) NCSA Mosaic WWW. Internet.
World Wide Web WWW, , ( . , Browser).
Internet . 1995 , , Mosaic, Netscape Communications Netscape Navigator .
Internet, Microsoft ( , , ). 1996 Internet. MS Internet Explorer, Internet-.
, Mosaic for Windows WWW, Mosaic WWW ( ).
, , , WWW ? . , , , , , , , WWW , WWW-, .
WWW , WWW , , , , , - .
WWW , , , , . Internet .
WWW
WWW . - () , , , ..
1989 , , , , . . - , , , . , :
- HTML (HyperText Markup Language),
- URL (Universal Resource Locator),
- HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).
NCSA :
- CGI (Common Gateway Interface).
HTML . : , .
1989 , .. . . , , . , , , , .
. CERN_ - , TeX LaTeX. , SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language, ).
, - CERN, NeXT VAX/VMS.
. . , . HTML . . WWW ASCII-, . , .
SGML. , - HTML SGML ( -). , HTML , , , . ., .. NeXT . , .
.. , , , . , 1996-97 . () Internet (UNIX, MaxOS, Windows). -.
HTML ISO 8879:1986 Information processing. Text and office systems. Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML). , .
(HTML 1.0) . . , , . . , HTML , .
, , , .
, , HTML HTML 2.0. 1995 W3C HTML 2.0 RFC (Request for Comment, ). W3C IETF HTML 3.0.
WWW, Netscape, , (, ) Microsoft Corp., , - HTML. , , Netscape Navigator Netscape, Microsoft Internet Explorer, , Microsoft.
, Nestacape Navigator Internet Explorer HTML, W3C. 2.0 ( 1995 ) .
1995- 1996 (Netscape MS) , HTML . HTML3 , NS MS , - , ( Microsoft) . , , 2.0, Netscape Microsoft. , W3, HTML3, , Micosoft, Netscape, Sun HTML 3.2, Netscape.
1996- HTML 3.2 . (style sheets), , , , ( LaTeX) Java.
() . , , , , . (URL, Uniform Resource Locator )
WWW , - , - .. Internet WWW , telnet, e-mail, ftp, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, UseNet News ..
WWW , , , , , , , , .
Gopher (. ), . Gopher , , . , , .. WWW , . . , , , , , , .., , . , ( , ..) .
( ) , ( , , , ..), WWW . WWW , , , . , , telnet WWW - .
, WWW-. , WWW , WWW- , , , . , , Internet ( WWW Web-).
WWW . Universal Resource Identification (URI) , e-mail, Gopher, WAIS, telnet, ftp . . , URI, WWW Universal Resource Locator (URL). HTML . URL . URL HTML, e-mail, telnet, ftp, Gopher, WAIS, .
- . , , , Netscape, , HTTP, WWW, , , , Chimera, . , , HTML, URL. , MIME , HTML. MIME text/html.
World Wide Web -HyperText Transfer Protocol. . ,
,
(relocation), ,
. . HTTP ASCII-.
WWW , .
WWW - NCSA - Common Gateway Interface.
CGI WWW . WWW. CERN , NCSA . , CERN , HTTP, .
CGI . /, . CGI , HTTP. (GET POST), HTML , WWW CGI , WWW-.
Web , , , . , . . CGI .
CGI , . , CGI-, , - , -, , - .. , .
CGI- . , Web , , . , . . HTML- , .
CGI , , , , , HTTP-.
5 - 2. Internet
(E-Mail)
E-Mail Internet. . ( + ), () - , , , , , .
, "". , - , ,
- , ,
- , ,
- , , , , ,
- ,
- , ; ,
, , .
E-Mail , , , , , , , ( ) , , , " " .. Internet , , .
- . ARPANET , , ( , ) "-". . , . , , , ARPANET , .
- , , . , .
, , , . . , . .
(telnet)
Remote Login ( ) - , , .. ( ), . , , , , . Internet dial-up . , , 19% .
(ftp)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol, ) - , .
ftp telnet. .. ftp , , .. . dial-up ( ). ftp ( ) , , , . , , , .
ASCII- , , .., .
. ftp, ftp. , ftp, , , , , , , ftp, .
ftp . 40% , - 4%. ( !).
ftp e-mail , , - .
FTP . Internet FTP- , , , , .
FTP- . FTP- , , .
FTP, , . , , , Internet . , , , , , FTP- , .. 1990 , , Archie, ( , ) FTP. , .
(UseNet news)
UseNet - . () . , (BBS, Bulletin Board System), .
, . : , . , , , . , .
, : , : . , . 1% .
- , , () , - , , , .. :
comp - ;
news - ;
rec - , , ..;
sci - ;
soc - ;
talk - ( , );
misc - .
(Archie)
Archie - ftp. , , ( ftp-) : , , , . () , , , . , () , , Archie , . , , . , (, , , ) , , , , . Archie Archie- (, archie.doc.ic.ac.uk ( )). Archie Internet-, , . e-mail (!).
(WhoIs)
, , .. , . - ? , , (!) .. - , , . , , .
. , , UNIX- finger. , . finger 0.41% .
- WhoIs, . WhoIs ( ) DDN (Defence Data Network, ) NIC (Network Information Center, ) 150000 . .
Gopher
Gopher - Internet. , Internet. , . , : telnet, ftp, e-mail .. .. , - - .
Gopher- . 1.6% . , , . . , , , .
Internet 2000 Gopher-, , .
Gopher , . Gopher, , . Gopher- , . VERONICA. VERONICA 500 Gopher, .
(WAIS)
WAIS - . , , .. , , dial-up . Gopher. , , Archie.
WAIS, , , ; , ; ; , .. . WAIS . , , WAIS -.
? - . : . .
, ; - , . , - -, . - . , , .. , - . WAIS , - , , . - . .
Internet 200 WAIS - . , .
, . . . ( F-16, F-19 ..), . , , - Internet .
Knowbot (). , , , . , , . , : . .
( ), - . , , , , , -, -, . . , , . .
, Internet .
Webster - .
- - , - .
- . .
- , TCP/IP (FidoNet, Goldnet, AT50).
6. Internet
1995 7 . , , .
1999 , Internet 12 . 200 75 % - - , Internet.
Internet 15 150 . 7-10%. Internet , , , .
VRML Internet
1994 World Wide Web, , - (Tim Berners-Lee) (Dave Raggett) , Birds-of-a-Feather (BOF), WWW.
, , , "" . , , ( ), .
, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), , , HTML , . , , , . , , :
, , .
VRML, HTML, Virtual Reality Markup Language. Markup Modeting , VRML.
. , Virtual Reality Modeling Language - ,
, "" WWW. VRML. , , VRML -
WWW.
VRML . , , , , HTML, , MIME. , , - , HTML, .
, VRML HTML.
- VRML? , VRML . , - , MID-, .. (nodes).
:
1) : , , , ..
2) , : ,
; (fields). 0
3) , .
VRML - -, , ,
.
VRML, . , BE. - BEF (BE Format). - . BEF , VRML 1.0, , a VRML I.0, , . BEF . , , .
W3C WWW: VRML, PostScript, VR- .
, . Internet , . World Inc. VRML - VRML+. , - . , . .
/ Intranet
. , . " ". , , Microsoft " ".
(, (LAN, Local Area Network)) , . , , . - . , , . Internet, .
, , (Intranet), , , HTML . , Internet, , .
Intranet , Internet, Web, TCP/IP HTTP , HTML . Intranet , , , , , . ? , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , Intranet "" . , ( ) , , , , .
Intranet . , . Web Internet , , , , . HTML. text-to-speech - .
, , Intranet , . , , , , , . web-, , . . , , .
HTML
SGML , , , HTML. HTML SGML. HTML SGML W3C. HTML, SGML.
, WWW , . , 7- ASCII.
ASCII American Standart Code for Information Interchage, . , 7- ASCII 128 , , . , . 8- (256 ) , , .
, Internet, , Internet.
Internet , (ISO-8859 Latin-1 8-) , 16- (65535 ), , .
WWW
. , ( 56 /), , , . , - ISDN.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network, ) , , . ISDN Internet 4.5 , , 128 /.
, , , , . Internet 1-10 /, .
( , ).
Java
, Internet, Java, Java, Java Web-, Java. Java HTML-. Web-, . Java - Java DataBase Connectivity (JDBC), , Java- , .
Cascade Style Sheets (CSS), , HTML-, .
ActiveX
ActiveX OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, ), Internet . Java OLE-. ActiveX (Component Object Model, ) . ActiveX Windows- Web. DCOM (Distributed Component Object, ) , Internet. ActiveX (plug-in) Internet Explorer 3.0 Netscape Navgator 3.0.
7. Internet
Internet , : , (, ru ), , (ISP, Internet Serive Provider) .
. Internet, .
, . , .
Internet ru () su (), - (ua), (by) .
- (), ru, 23 1999 . 15 869 . ( Internet) 1999 . ru su 29 415 .
, . , , 18 58 721 , 4 447 779 2 916 268 ( Internet , , ). : 15 000 Web-. 23 Web-.
Internet.
Yandex.Ru , ru-. , 15 6 94 ( , 100 , - 2 250 , 100 ).
- : 46 054
- URL: 11 028 820
- : 101,94
. ( 1998 1999) :
- - - 1324%
- - - 345%
- - 1618%
- - - 384%
- -122%
- - 469%
- ru-Internet 833 6,15 .
Internet , , , , . , Internet .
. . - , 1996. - 252 .
. `, . . Microsoft IE3 : . . - , 1997. - 880 .
. . Internet - , 1997. - 400 .
. . Internet : . . - , 1996. - 640 .
. . . - , 1996. - 160 .
. . Internet - , 1998. - 464 .
. . : . . , 1997 - 304 .
. . TCP/IP: . . ,1996 - 384 .
. . : WWW: . . ,1996 - 336 .
. : Internet: . . ,1998 - 560 .
Internet.
- ( ) (28 ) Internet
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