. , , ,

,,,

1.

1.1 ""

1.2

1.2.1 -

1.2.2

1.3

2.

2.1 -

2.2 -

2.3 "" ""


- (, ) : (.. . , .. ), , (. ), , , , (.. ), (.. ), , (.. ), , . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , .

, . , , . (, , , ), (, , ), . , - , . , , , , .

, , , , , , , , , - . , . . , , , , , , .

, (). . , , , : (, , , ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

() , , , .

. . .

.

:

;

;

;

;

.

- . , , - ( ).

, , .


1.

 

1.1

. , [4, .18-19]. , , . .. , , [13,.43-44].

- (, ) : (.. . , .. ), , (. ), , , , (.. ), (.. ), , , (.. ), , (.. , .. , .. ), , [3,.143-144], random holes in patterns , [34,.114-115], (.. ), , [7,.82], - , [32,.68], , .

. . , , , (, , ) , , / , [5,. 55], .. , , . , : , ; ; , - [22,.79].

, , ( . lacuna , , , ; . lacune , ). .. (., 1981) : , , . (.,1984). , , : (. . .. . ., 1979), (. . .. , 1990), (. . .. .. , 1972), (. . .. . ., 1969), . , 3-4 . , , . , .

.. . , , , , [35, . 10]. .. , - . . , , , [20, . 3]. : ( ), , , [20, . 6]. , . editorialiste, echangiste, chaperon : , , , (, ), , . .

.. , , , , , ( ) [6, . 261]. , . , , - , .

.. , , : . , , , , , [8, . 136].

( .. ) : , , [9, . 194].

, - .. , - ; ( ) [27,. 24,36]. , , , , , , , , ; , , (.Geschwister), (. Bauch (der Flache)), (.Wochenende), (. schlurfen), (. Seitensprung), , (. Tafelbild); .

.. : , : , , , [23, . 71]. , , , , , , , , , , ; , , , -, ; , , , , , , , , .

, , , - . [31, . 34].

.. : , ( , ), , [22, . 79].

.. , .. , .. , , . , . , ; , - - , , . , , , - .. [18, . 47]. .. , , [14, . 150-173].

.. , (), ( ), . , , . , , [24, . 123]. .. : , , , , - , . [25, . 37].

, , .. , , , [20, . 23]. - , , , , , [20, . 23].

, ( ) . , - .. , - . (, , ) , , [11, . 194]. , , , , , . , () . , , , , , , , , , , , , . ? , , , , - .. . - . [21, . 2].

, , , ( ), ( ) .

(). - . , , , : (, , , ) ( ) ( ) ( ). () .

, , , .

, , .

( ) , . () (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ).

( ) , , . () , .. , .. , .. , .. . , , , - , [26, . 7]. , , , ; , ; , (, ), ; (, ), .

? , , , , () () . , . , , , [28, . 30].

: , , , [29, . 17]. , - . .. , , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , (): ( - ), ( , ) ( , , ). .

, ) ) , . [29, . 38]. , .. , . .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , [29, . 40]. . , , - , [17, . 343].

, , , , (, , , ), ( ; ), , , , .

.. , , , - . , [29, . 58]. , , , , - [16, . 24]. - , , - , , , , .. : , , , - , . , , - .. , - . , (. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ). , , : , , [29, . 67].

, , , ) , ) , ) , , , [8, .136-137]. , , , , , - . , , , , .

, , . , , ( ), .. , ( ) , , . .. [12, . 67]. , ( ) , , ; , , : , , . , . .: - , .

. (), (), , (), (). , - , . (), (), () .. ( ) .

, , , , , . () , . .. , , , .. . , , [19,.123]. : () , . .. , , [6, . 238].

. , - , . . , .. .. , , , , , , . , , , , , [1, . 39].

, , , , , , . .. , .

. , - .. , - ( ) . , , [15, . 161]. ( ) , , : 1977 . 1100 , 1978 . 2300, 1979 . 2700, 1980 . 2700, 1981 . 5000.

(1984), 70- . , 5,5 ., . . , , , , , , . ( 50- 80- .) 10 . 23 . , , , , , . .

, , ( ) ( , ) . , . , : 1) - , ; 2) , , . , (), , . : ) XIII XV . , ( ); ) (, ) - , , - ; ) , , -. , .

, , () . , [27, .48]. , mit tundem Gesicht; pladieren (.); commencer a verdir; cooperant , ; remnant of a case of soap; wall flower , ( , ..) (.) . , - (, ), (, ) , : balalaika, baranka. .

(.. , .. , .. , .. , .. .), .. .. : , (), (), (). - : , , , / [25, .37].

, : ( , ); (), , ; , ; , , , (, ); , , .. ( ), , , , .

1.2

, , . , , , , . . , . to case . ; . crusted . ; , - . small mat-bag; . . to read to the end.

.

, .. .. , - : , [23, . 71].

, . .

, , , , , , , , , , , , . : - flap, cousin, fetch, rest, weekend, , , pet, braindrain, , , coroner, (, , ) exsposer, - fortnight .

, initiieren , inhaltsreich , plakatieren - , Abendgymnasium , 3-6 , Allerseelen (2 3 ( 2- ) ), Bayrischkraut , , , Bockbier , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

, , ( ) . ( ) . , , , , , .

- , -.

.. , - , , , [6,.261]. , .

, . .. : , , . , : [26,.46].

, - ( ):

- Kohlsuppe;

- Feinkosthandlung;

Suppe aus Gemuse mit roten Ruben;

- ;

,

- ( ):

, ,-Kabarettist;

, , - torkeln, taumeln;

, morastig.

. () . , .

 

1.2.1 -

, .

().

. (), , . , . , . , , , , . .

, , , . , [ 24,.122]. - .., , .

. ( + ) , , the Cherokees, the Black feet. , the Creeks, , . , ( ), ( ).

.

, , , .

, . , , , [4,.118]. .. .. , , . ( ) [4,.75]. () , () .

- ( ) () ( - ), , , . , wide as a bed stat , .

(, ), , - : ; -, : , - , ( ). (.Lee)

.. [1969] house . , oil, butter . .. ; oil butter . oil , [ 8, . 11].

, , . . - , - [20, . 38].

() , . [7,.79]: , , . , : ; , [25, . 35].

. , , , . - , . , , .

, , , ().

, . , . , , . [ 24, . 127].

, . [20, . 24].

, .. , , . [3,.143-144]. , , , , . () , .

() .

, (, ) (, ) . . , : , . ; ; , , [7, . 79]. : , , , .

( - ) - . , , ..

(), . , - ( ) , , . , , , () - , .


1.2.2

.. , . , , , (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ). -, , . . , , .. . ( ) , .. . , . .. .. . .. [26;27], . , .. , .. , .. .

, (, ) ( ). , ( ), .. .

, , , , - .. , - , , , , . , , , () (), , , , , , , , .

.

.. , , , , [6, . 261]. , , - , .

, . .. : . , , . , : [34, . 46].

- :

a hot water bottle;

an alarm clock;

back of the head;

the little finger;

progressive piece rate system;

individual peasant.

- , - .. , - : . , , . , : , , !

, . .. . , , , . () , .. .

.. , , [20, . 31].

, .. , , , , .. [8, . 136 - 137].

.. .. : , : (). , , glimpse; [25, . 38].

, ( ), , . , , . .. : , , [22, . 80]. a hot water bottle ( , ).

footwear. , footwear , shoes boots, footwear . , , , (Passive Voice). , , . . .

, , , (). .. , .. , , .. [27, . 46].

. .. . , , , . , .

, , . , , [27, . 49]. .. , , , , .

(), , .

, . , .

.. .. , . . 15 (to travel, to move, to drive, to cut through the water, to work fast, to come up, to change one's course). (He's headed north // ; He has showed much // ; They are working far out and fast //a .

, - .. [25, . 43]. - . Ow eez ye-ooa son, is e? Wal, fewd dan y'de-ooty bawmz a matter should, eed now bettern to spawl a pore gel's flahrzn than awy athaht pyin (B. Shaw).

: , ? , ? , ! , , !. , . : ( ) ( ) [25, . 43].

( ) , , . (, ) .

: , , , .. .

, () : He always thought of the sea as lamar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her (E. Hemingway). lamar, - , .

: , , : If general Jackson hand't run the Creeks up the creek, Simon Finch would never have paddled up the Alabama (H. Lee). , 养

: , ; , . , , , , , , : He plied her with scones and jam (J. Galsworthy) . scone . . , scone, ( , , ). , [25, . 41].

, .

.. , , , , . , , , , . : , , . . , , - ( , ) [18, . 36].

.. , , , , .. . , , : , , , . , : .he/him she/her it; his her its; himself herself itself. ( , ) , , . , A friend of mine has told me this Our teacher is very strict , , friend teacher, , , , . : student, writer, artist, : , , .

, , , - .

. .. .. . . .. [27,.47], .. [20, . 37-42].

. - , , , , , , , .

.. , , , . , , , , . bath () ]. .

, , , () , - .. . , foe , (.. , ), - : foe , .

, , , [18, . 38].

.. . , , , () [20, . 31]. , () , .

, , . .. , [20, . 33].

, , , (, , ), .. .. , [25, . 46]. , , .

, , .

.. , , , . , [22, .82].

, , , , . , , , . , , . , - There is just enough tea left for one pot. ( ) a brew of tea a pot of tea, , . , ( ), , .. .

.. . , - , - , :

, ( );

, ( ).

, :

, ( ); ;

, (); ( );

( ) ;

, - ( ) .

, [27, . 47].

1.3

. .. , , .. , - , [26,.7]. , ( ), - , , , ? , .. , . - (), , , , . , , . , , , , , . - , , , , , , , .

, , , , , , . eur-, euse- : .attendez vorte suiveur ( , ); elle est devenue sorteuse ( , ). er-: who is the speaker on the round table? ( , ?).

, , , ( ). , , : , , , (), Ø ( Ø ); Ø; Ø; Ø; Ø; Ø; Ø.

, : , - (, ), , , - Ø, , Ø, - Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø, Ø.

. . , ( ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , : , , , , , , (), .

: ( ), ( ), ( ), : , , ( ). , , ( , , , , , ).

.. ( ), ( ), : ; . . - , [8, .141]. , () , .

, , , . .

, , .. . , , , .

- , , , , , .


2.

 

2.1 -

(behabitives), , :

"See you later, " - , ..., " seeing you, John" - , .

" ", (, ).

, , , . , , . , , " ".

. - , , , . , .

:

1) (, ) - ()

2) () () - .

, , , cruces translatorum (" "), : - , - , - , () - Take even the Chercassians, he went on, as they drink their fill of bouza at a wedding or a funeral, the fight begins.

, , , . : , ...() - On reaching the foot of the Kashaur mountain, we stopped outside a dukhan... . : "Caucasian tavern." , . , "Oxford Russian-English Dictionary" M. , dukhan, : "inn in Caucasus". () , , .

, , , . . : () - As there was no room for travellers at the post house, we were given lodging in a smoky hut. hut "Oxfords Advanced Learners Dictionary" a small, roughly made house or shelter.

" - " - , , . " " , . , , .

, , : - , . , , - , () - Mother is all right. Shes an old woman, reads the lives of the saints, sits with her old women, and what my brother says goes.

- " " - , . : , . . ... , .

: . , .. .

, ( ), : , : I had Earl take down their names and subpoena em for the inquest next Monday.And the coroner proceeded to retail their testimony about the accidental meeting of Clyde (Dreiser) - "- , . - ". coroner inquest .

"The Random House Dictionary of the English language" coroner : "an officer, as of a county or municipality, whose chief function is to investigate by inquest, or before a Jury, any death, not clearly resulting from natural causes." , , (""), .

"" "" , "" "", - , . "" "" - " , ", "" "" - " ".

, , . ( ) , , .

, , , . , :

Alas! we shall never hear the horn sing at midnight, or see the pike-gates fly open any more (Thackeray) - "! ". Pike-gate (pike-gate - , ). ( ) .

(pike-gate - ), border , () - As for our fathers and grandfathers, some of them were only peasant freeholders.

. ( , ) , peasant freeholder , - , , ( , , ). , .

, .. .. , . ", S, , , S, P - , ".

, (background knowledge), .. , . .

P , , , , - .

, - 155 , () : A call to stop the Saturn contract from becoming the pattern is among the 25 resolutions adopted by Local 599 of GMs Buick City auto complex in Flint, the largest of the UAW contingents in GM - " , "" , 25 , 599 , " " , , , ".

: the Saturn contract - "", GM - " ", local - , auto complex - .

:...they had the best pew at the Foundling...(Thackeray) - "... ". Foundling Foundling Hospital .

pew ( ) . : Foundling - .

() : -... , , , , () - "...You see, Prince, I was just running across Nevsky Avenue in my dads long three-year-old overcoat when she came out of the shop and got into her carriage." - - long overcoat.

, , , - , , , .. "" . . , , .

, , : I teil you where you come from. You come from Anwell. Go back there - " , . . ". Hanwell (, , Anwell) - , - , , .

: - . . : At Harrow they called me the Woolwich Infant - " " "". Woolwich Infant, , " " , - : - , ( - ).

: the Woolwich Infant - " ". , , .

, " " , .

, , , , : , , - ( )...() - Their malice, Indignation, and wit are all typical of the men of that class (even before Famusov)... Even before Famusov, , , . .

, , , : early in the Century, at the turn of the Century, etc. , , . , , .

., , "" :... , : , " "... , ! - ) .. : -...but youre dead, you know. Introduce yourself to her as a dead man and say, "The dead are allowed to say anything" - Princess Maria Alekseevna wont scold you ha-ha!

Princess Maria Alekseevna : A personage in Wit Works Woe, the celebrated classical comedy in verse by Alexander Griboyedov (1795-1829). Roughly, the Russian equivalent of Mrs. Grundy; ) . . , " ", "". .. . .

"" , .. , . . : , , , () - As a type, Gogols character Podkolyosin is perhaps an exaggeration but he is not by any means a myth. , (, , , : Gogols irresolute character Podkolyosin...).

M. " ": , " " - Five-peaked Beshtau looms blue in the west like "the last cloud of a dispersed storm" (-, : like Pushkins "last cloud...").

" ": Underschaft...."My ducats and my daughter!" - ". " !"" " ", , , .

, , .

. , , "Don t Fall Off the Mountain", :

I was born into a cliche-loving middle class Virginia family. be consistent with my background I should have married an upstanding member of the community and had two or three strong-bodied children who ate Wonder Bread eight ways.

. . : Ich wurde in ein; traditionsbewusste KleinbOrgerfamilie Virginias hineingeboren.Um den klischeevorstellungen meiner Umwelt zu genugen, hatte ich ein aufstrebendes Gemeindemitglied ehelichen und ihm zwei bis drei wohlgeratene Kinder gebaren mussen, die Gesundheitsbrot auf acht verschiedene Arten assen. , : Ich kam im Virginia als King einer klischeeliebenden Mittelstandsfamilie zur Welt.

Hatte ich ihren gesellschaftlichen Vorstellungen treu bleiben wollen, hatte ich ein stattliches Mitglied unserer Gemeinde heiraten und zwei oder drei kraftige Kinder bekommen (kriegen) mussen, die Golden Toast auf achterlei Art assen. . : . , , , .

, , , . , . , . middle-class family Kleinburgerfamilie.

. , , . ( middle-class ). , cliche-loving . traditionsbewusst, background Klischeevorstellungen meiner Umwelt.

, :...two or three strong-bodied children who ate Wonder Bread eight ways. , . who ate Wonder Bread eight ways . , . (die Gesundheitsbrot auf acht verschiedene Arten assen), .

, , , . , - - Golden Toast, . . . clicheloving middle-class family .

, . - , , , , , . middle-class family , .

, ....two or three strong-bodied children who ate Wonder 159 Bread eight ways ... , , . . .

, "-" (...ate Wonder Bread eight ways) , . , . , . , .

- , - , .., , . , , .. - .

, . , , (, , ), .

, , . , .

:... , ... , , . , , () - That brother of mine cut off he tassels from my dads coffin at night; solid gold they was; cost a fortune, they does.

Why, damn him, I could send him to Siberia for that, so help me, for its sacrilege, it is... ( ) . , - . , , , : cost a fortune, they does.

they does , , - ( ), . solid gold they was , , . . , .

, . , .

: She thought you was a coppers nark, sir (Shaw) - " , , ". a coppers nark - , , - , . , .

. . " ": When did you get married? Rodger asked him. Lasta month. Montha for last.

You come the wedding? No,said Rodger. I didn`t come to the wedding. You missa something,said Hayzooz. You missa damn fine wedding, what a matta you no come?- " - ? - . - . , . ? - , - . - . - , - . - . , ?"

(lasta month, missa, come the wedding). : ( , , ), ( , ?).

, . , : - ? - , , ? () - "Were you long in Chechna?" "Quite a while - ten years garrisoning a fort with a company. Out Kamenny Brod way. Do you know the place?"

, " " . .. . . - . ., : . , *** (). (garrisoning).

 

2.2 -

- , .

, . , .

, .. (), . ( , ) , () , , , , .

, . , , :

compatible

CD D, , CD , -,

CD player CD , , , -

RAM

VJ, veejay , -

Laptor , , , -, -

port

antivirus

bug ,

BBS --, BBS

streamer ,

browser ,

download

emoticon ,

smiley

applet

email, mail , E mail, , , , ,

scroller, scrolling ,

upgrade ,

chipset, chip set

cybersex ,

e - - -, -, -,

server

sysop

V chip -, V

World Wide Wed

WWW

cyber café

Internet , ,

multimedia

netetiquette

spam, spamming , ,

CD ROM , - , -

craeker , ,

DVD , --

Web , , Web, WEB, -

, , - () , . , :

compatibility

cellular telephone

cyberspace

virtual reality

information superhighway

reboot

CD ROM drive -

, -, XX , .

():

rap music , ,

, ,

break dance, break dancing , , ,

trash rock

techno

acid house ,

punker

speed metal

thrash, trash

black metal

psychobilly

hip hop, hip hop

acid jazz ,

grunge , , ,

ave ,

raver ,

ambient

gangsta rap

jungle

trans music

post grunge

rave scene

trip hop

, soap opera : . ():

Ecstasy , ,

MDMA -

chack , ,

chillout, chill out ,

smart drug

stage diver

Doc Martens

piercing

, . :

smart card

just in time

market maker ,

chartist

forfeiting

organizer

euro ,

: :

bungee jumpeing

snowboarding

fitness centre

jet ski

street style

canyoning

(Star Wars , serial killer , political correctness , ethnic cleansing ), :

yuppie, yippie , , ,

sound bite

harassment

, -, . 80- XX , .. . 90- , .

2.3

, .

, , . , . , . : , , , , , , , . : , .

, , , .

. , , , , , .

. , , , , -, . , ( , ) , ( ) , , , . , , , , . , , , .

, , , .

I , . , , ( / ). , , , . , , .

. , , , . , - . , , : .

, (, , ) , . , . , , .

, , (, , ).

, , :

I feel like smoking;

, I think;

I am hungry;

It's getting cold;

I am cold;

I don't feel like sleeping.

, , , , .. , , , , , , , ,

(߻ ) , . , , , , , , .

.. , . , , .


, , , . , . , .

, , , , , . , - , . ( , ).

, , , . , .

, , ( ) . , , ( ).

, .. .. , - : , [23, . 71].

, . .

. (), , . , .

, . ,

. :

, , . : cockney (.), (.) - , ;

. : coroner (.) - (.) - , ;

- . : bootlegger (.) - (.) - ;

, ( , ). : to afforest (.) - (.) - ;

: , , . - , -. , "clanc" ; - .

, . - "", , . , Lynch Law (.) - (.) - ( ).

:

1) (, ) - ()

2) () () - .

, , , .

- , .

, .. (), . ( , ) , () , , , , .

, . , , : compatible ; CD D, , CD , -, ; CD player CD ..

, , , . . .


1.      .., ... //. . 1974. 6. . 32 - 48.

2.      .. . , 1998.

3.      .. . .: , 1977. 264 .

4.      .., .. : . 4- ., . . .: . , 1990. 247 .

5.      ., . . .: . .,

6.      1986.416.

7.      .. . .: . . -, 1977. 300 .

8.      .. // . 1967. 1. . 77 - 92.

9.      ..

10.    //- . .: , 1977. . 136 - 146..

11.    .., .. // . ,: , 1979. 214 .

12.    .. //. . 1964. 6. . 26-38.

13.    .. . .: , 1968. 336 .

14.    .. // :

15.    . . . -. . 175. 1977. , 1977. . 66 - 69.

16.    .. // . -. . 10, . 1996. 5. . 43-50.

17.    .. // . ., 1972. . 150-173.

18.    . . .: . .. 1989. 242 .

19.    .. - //. . 1964. 5. . 23-25.

20.    /. . .. . .: . , 1990. 684 .

21.    .. : ... . . . ., 1982.

22.    Mac .. // : . . .: . . . . . 354. ., 1967. . 109 - 126.

23.    .. ( ). , 1975. 96 .

24.    .. . ; , 1968. 88 .

25.    .. // : . -. .. : - -., 1979. . 77 - 83.

26.    .., .. . : -

27.    -, 1984. 148 .

28.    .. //- . .: , 1977. . 120 - 136.

29.    .., ..

30.    : . // : . . . , 1983. . 35 - 52.

31.    .. . , 1997. 18.

32.    .., . : . : 2- . Halle, 1989. 120 .

33.    .. //. . 1963. 1. . 29 - 46.

34.    .. // : . . . -. . 46

35.    (139), . 11. , 1975. . 3 - 156.

36.    .., .., .., .. - . ., 1961.

37.    .

38.    ( "", "" " " " " ): . . . , 1987.

39.    .., .. " "

40.    //. . . - . . . 6. , 1976. . 67- 114.

41.    .. // . .: , 1974. . 39 - 59.

42.    Hocket Ch.F. Chineesse versus English: An Explanations of Whorfian Thesis//Language in Culture. Chicago: The Univ of Chicago Press, 1954. .106-123.

43.    J.P.Vinay, J.Darbelnet. Stylistique comparee du fraiais et de 1'anglais,

44.    P., 1958. P. 10.

1. 1.1 "" 1.2 1.2.1 - 1.2.2

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :