. , , ,

,,,

,

, ,

60 - . , , , ̻. , .

 

1978 i86. , .

 

, , .. IBM . Apple Computers , , .

 

1978 Intel IBM i86. , 80 81 .., .

Intel AMD Ciryx

8086 - 1978

8088 - 1979

80286 - 1982

80386DX - 1985 1991# 1992*

80386SX - 1988 1991# 1992*

i486DX - 1989 1993# 1993*

i486SX - 1990 1993* 1993*

i486DX2 - 1992 1993# 1993*

i486DX4 - 1994 1994 1995

5x85 - Oct1994 Nov1995 Aug1995

iP5 - Mar1993 Feb1996 Oct1995

iPPro - Nov1995 Nov1996? waiting

 

# -p

* pp p

? ,

 

, Intel , . , .

 

, Ciryx , , , . , , . .

 

AMD Intel . , . , AMD Intel Pentium . , , , .

 

Intel , Pentium Pentium 4, . , . 2000 2001 , - Intel Pentium 4 - RDIMM. AMD Atlon Atlon XP Pentium 4, . AMD , , .

 

Intel , . , AMD , Pentium-.

 

Intel :

(Intel)

P9 i386SX

P4 i486DX

P4S i486SX

P23S i487SX

P23T OverDrive for PGA(169)

P4T OverDrive for PGA(168)

P24S i486DX2

P24T Pentium OverDrive for i486DX2 socket 3 (Vcc=5V,core=3V).

P24CT Pentium OverDrive for Socket 3 (Vcc=3V)

P5 Pentium-60,66

P54C Pentium-90,100,75 x1.5 with APIC and Multiprocessing features

P55C Bugfix P54C with clock 133,150,2.5V

P24C IntelDX4

P24D i486DX2 with WB cache (IntelDX2 (tm) WriteBack Enhanced)

P54M Overdrive ( include to P54C but P54C work too)

P6 ?????? (no comments)

P7 ?????? (no comments)

 

, :

 

堠 젠 Pentium - . , : 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166, 200 ... - ? MMX (Multimedia eXtension - "- ") - , "" Pentium ʠ ⠠ .

, ࠠ ࠠ Pentium 頠 . , " ", ... , 堠 , Р ,  堠 . Ӡ .

MMX, Intel 堠 : -, , -, Ϡ 蠠 蠠 -. ( 57) , .

, ꠠ 堠 (, ⠠ ), .

, MMX, , "" Π MMX ,

 . , 蠠 . , - , MMX. , , 堠 .

MMX - 堠 Intel 1997 . - - 蠠 . 堠 1996 , , MMX, . P55C,

Intel, , , ʠ .

, - P55C, - Compaq, Dell, Acer, , , , Compulink Research (CLR).

, MMX, 1997 . ,

. - Pentium 200 , Pentium Pro

堠 頠 頠 蠠 200- P55C. , CLR, ,

P55C . , ""

Pentium . 蠠 蠠 ⠠ , 頠 P55C ( -, - ), Pentium Pro, 70% 400%. , -ʠ P55C 堠   .

,

CLR.

 

, ջ, SSE SSE2. ,

 

, . , , . Intel 0,13 , . Intel 0,09 2003 , .. ( ).

0,13 .

, . , -. ;) . ( - W)/( - L). -- , =~W*L. , , ( ), W/L. , . W/L -- - ( ).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Intel.

 

Intel (http://www.intel.com/) , Itanium. , 25 35 , , . IDC , 26 . Itanium, 2004 540 . , Intel , .

Itanium , Microsoft Windows (64- - 64-bit Edition 64- - 64-bit Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition 2002); HP-UX 11i v1.5 Hewlett-Packard, AIX-5L IBM Linux. 64- Caldera International, Red Hat, SuSE Linux Turbolinux. 500 , Itanium.

Itanium , Bull, Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu-Siemens, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, NEC, SGI Unisys. , IBM IntelliStation Z Pro X380, Dell - PowerEdge 7150 Precision Workstation 730, Bull - 4- 16- Escala IL. , Hewlett-Packard: HP Workstation i2000 4- 16- HP Server rx4610 HP Server rx9610. HP-UX - 64- UNIX, c RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) Itanium. HP-UX , , . , Hewlett-Packard - RISC, Itanium . .

Itanium Intel : , , , , , , . , 6500 . 1997 . , Itanium .

Merced, Itanium

1994 . Intel Hewlett-Packard (http://www.hp.com) 64- , . . , , .. , 1983 . Hewlett-Packard , (HP1000, HP3000 HP9000). : PA-RISC (Precision Architecture Reduced Instruction Set Computing) UP-UX, Unix- (N-, V-, L- A-). PA-RISC 1985 . , System VLSI Technology Operation. 1989 . , PA-RISC ewlett-Packard EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing), WideWorld Architecture, SuperParallel Processor Architecture (SP-PA). 1993 ., 64- , , . ewlett-ackard .

1994 . Intel, , . 64- 7 . Intel 7 EPIC, , 7 Itanium.

HP Intel . HP-UX, . ewlett-ackard . , Intel , , EPIC, ewlett-ackard. , Merced .

, , Merced , HP-UX PA-RISC, ewlett-ackard , Merced, . Intel, , Merced, 64- , . Merced, RISC-, . , 64- McKinley ( ). , , Merced 1997 1998 . .

Intel 64- . . - , UNIX . , Itanium , RISC/Unix, . Itanium . , 1999 . . McKinley.

, Merced , , , . , : , , .

Intel Itanium , 25 . Merced McKinley, Madison, Deerfield . , . McKinley , 2002 . , 1 . , 64- Intel Itanium, McKinley, Madison . , Itanium II, Itanium III . .

, 1997 . Intel Hewlett-Packard IA-64 (Intel Architecture). , 1999 . Intel , Intel 64 Fund 250 . . , - . , Intel Hewlett-Packard, 16 . - Compaq, Dell, SGI, Reuters, Ford Motor Company, General Electric, Bank of America. 150 . . 40 , , , .

, 1997 ., Intel Hewlett-Packard IA-64. 1999 . , Intel Itanium 64- , Merced. " Itanium" (IPF, Itanium Processor Family) " Itanium" (Itanium Architecture). , 2000 . Itanium. Itanium. , . Caesar's Palace 34 . . , , 3 , 20- , 2 . , , 6000 , -, . , Intel 30 , Intel Itanium.

Intel, Itanium - 386- 1985 . 64- Intel 106 , - 2 4 . Slot 418 . . - , - . 0,18 320 . , 25 . , - -. - , 10% . Itanium 6,4 . . EPIC 15 20 . 16 2,1 /. Intel ( MMX, SIMD ), SSE2.

IA-64.


- . , . .

Itanium , EMCA (Enhanced Machine Check Architecture), , , ECC (Error Correcting Code) .

- Intel Intel 460GX, , . , Itanium SDRAM. , Intel, , , . 64 4,2 /, 64- .

Itanium 800 733 , - 1177 4227 .

IA-64.


. IA-64 , () , . , . , IA-64 EPIC, - . . , , -, . , , .

, EPIC VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) . VLIW . , , . , VLIW . , EPIC :

  • ,
  • ,
  • ,
  • (),
  • ( ).

EPIC , VLIW, - , . , , . , , . , ( ), , .

Itanium 128 64- 80- , 64 pp p pp. ; , , . 64 , .

IA-64 , . . . , . , . IA-64 , 128 . , , (, ..).

. , . Itanium. , ( ); , , . , , , , , 1, - 0. , , .

Itanium - . , . , . , - , . . , , . , , . , , , , , , .

Itanium . , , , ( , ).

x86

, Itanium 32- . 64- . , , , . , . , Itanium , .

x86 - AMD (http://www.amd.com) 64- . : 32 32. 64 , 64- , 64 . x86-64. "" (Sledgehammer). x86 , .

, 64- . "" , x86-: RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RSP, RBP, RSI, RDI. , RAX A () i8080 AL i8086. 8-15 AH i8086. AX i8086. 0-31 - EAX 32- 80x86. 128- SIMD-.

x86-32 . Itanium, 8-, 16- 32- . , 16- 32- . . - Long Legacy Mode. x86-64, - x86-, 16- 32- SSE.

64- : Sledgehammer - Clawhammer. - . Clawhammer . 100 . , . Sledgehammer, , .

, HyperTransport. , . NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access). , . AMD HyperTransport. Golem HyperTransport-PCI-X, , Lokar , AGP 8X HyperTransport-AGP. 0,13 SOI (Silicon On Insulator - " "). 2002 ., Itanium Hammer .

http://www.bytemag.ru/ -

, .

.

 

http://www.maxwolf.ru/faq/cpu.html

http://www.bytemag.ru/

http://www.intel.com/

http://www.amd.com

http://www.hp.com

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