,,,
, , , .. , ..
, .
1. (a, b) , .. b - a. :
m (a, b) = b - a
, m (a, b) > 0.
1. D d1, d2, ..., dn,
. D = (A, B), dk = (ak, bk) (k = 1, 2, , n).
, , dk , ..
a1 < a2 < < an.
, , bk £ ak+1 (k = 1, 2, , n - 1), dk dk+1 .
Q = (B - bn) + (an - bn-1) + + (a2 - b1) + (a1 - A)
. , , .
. D dk (k = 1, 2, 3, ),
.
[ , , + ¥; . k< C ( ) .]
2. mG G dk:
( , {dk}, dk, , , k k.)
,
mG< + ¥
G , , ,
mG=0,
mG³0.
D , G,
mG £ mD,
.
( G0). G0 .
(1/3, 2/3) 1/3. : (1/9, 2/9) (7/9, 8/9), 1/9 .
, 1/27 ..
mG0 =
mG0 = 1.
1. G1 G2 . G1 Ì G2,
mG1 £ mG2.
. di (i = 1, 2, ) Dk (k = 1, 2, ) , , G1 G2.
4, 5, .II, di ( ) Dk.
{di} 1, 2, 3,, di k , di Ì Dk.
, ,
.
, 1,
, ,
.
. G , G.
2. G
,
.
.
. (i = 1, 2, ) Gk. , G.
, , G, . , G. , , , G. ( m) - . m Î Gk'. ( k¢ ¹ k, Gk m .) Gk¢ , , m m Î di¢(k¢). , di(k) di¢(k¢) , Gk Gk¢= 0.
, , di(k) G. , G di(k) . , . ,
(i = 1, 2, ; k = 1, 2, )
G.
, :
=
.
( ) , .
2. [P, Q] (l, m ).
. *, : (l1,) - H, P
l1 < P < m1
( ). , m1>Q, (l1, m1) , H* . m1Q, m1Î[P, Q], H ( l2, m2), m1 ,
l2 < m1 < m2
, m2>Q, , (l1, m1) ( l2, m2) *.
m2Q, m2Î[P, Q], H ( l3, m3), m2.
l3 < m2 < m3
m3>Q, , m3Q, .
H , H ,
m1 < m2 < m3 <
, , - mk Q.
mn>Q, mn-1£Q, .. n- .
(l1, m1), ( l2, m2), , (ln, mn) H. lk+1<mk (k = 1, 2, , n-1).
mn - l1 > Q P, Q P < ,
Q P < .
3. D
D = .
mD.
. D = (A, B) Gk di(k) (i = 1, 2, ).
e (0 < e < ) , D.
di(k) (i = 1, 2, ; k = 1, 2, ). 2, . II,
(s = 1, 2, n),
. , ,
B A - 2e < .
e ,
B A ,
.
3. G Gk, G = ,
mG.
. Di (i = 1, 2, ) G. mG = .
, 3, , ,
(*)
( ) ( i¹i`). , 2,
(**)
(*) (**), .
F S , F. , CSF m[CSF]. .
1. F
S=[A, B] , F.
, 0. , , .
.
1. F=[a, b]. , , S=[a, b] CsF=0, , m [a, b] = b a, . . .
2. F
, ; , ,
(k=1, 2, n-1),
,
,
.. .
3. ( ).
.. . , .
1. F .
. , 1, Ì (, ), 1, ,
. F , D,
D- [ CDF]
. CDF , . D=(A, B), , F, S=[a, b] (.1.).
, DF=CDS+CsF.
. 1
. , ( 2) m[CDF]=m[CDS]+m[CsF].
, ,CDS = (A, a) + (b, B),
m[CD] = (a-A) + (B-b),
,
m[CDF]=(B-A)-(b-a)+m[CsF],
.
2. F1 F2 . F1Ì F2, mF1£ mF2.
. D , F2. , DF1 É CDF2, , , m[CDF1 ] [ CDF2 ], .
. F , F.
3. F , G . FÌ G, mFmG.
. D , G. , D= G+CDF, , 3, , mDmG + m[CDF], .
4. G , G.
. , mG FÌG, , mG.
G (lk, mk ) (k=1, 2, ), mG = (mk - lk).
[ak bk,] Ì (lk, mk), m[ak, bk] > m(lk, mk) -,
( hk,
0 < hk < min[, ]
ak = lk+hk, bk =mk - hk). , ,
F0= k, bk].
, , F0 Ì G, F0
mF0=(bk-ak) > (mk-lk) - > mG - e.
e , .
5. F , F.
. , , , F , mF.
D, F, CDF. e>0, ( 4) , Ì DF, m>m[CDF] - e.
G0 = D. , G0 , F.
mG0 = mD - m < mD - m[CDF] + e = mF + e
.
6 . F
mF =
. , F = F1+F2 (F1F2=0).
e > 0 G1 G2 ,
Gi É Fi (i = 1, 2),
.
G = G1 + G2.
G , F. ,
mF £ mG £ mG1 + mG2 < mF1 + mF2 + e.
e,
mF £ mF1 + mF2 (*)
, , B1 B2,
Bi É Fi (i = 1, 2), B1B2 = 0.
e > 0 G, G É F, mG < mF + e.
B1G B2G , , , F1 F2.
,
MF1 + mF2 £ m(B1G) + m(B2G) = m [B1G + B2G]
( ). B1G + B2G Ì G,
mF1+mF2 £ mG < mF+e
e,
mF1 + mF2 £ mF. (**)
(*) (**),
mF = mF1 + mF2,
.
1. m*E E , E:
, E c , 0 £ m*E < +¥.
2. m*E E , E:
m*E=.
, E , 0 £ m*E < +¥.
1. G ,
m*G = m*G = mG.
1 4.
2. F ,
m*F = m*F = mF.
2 5.
3.
m*E £ m*E.
. G , . F , F Ì G , 3, mF £ mG. m*E £ mG. G, , m*E £ m*E, .
4. A B . A Ì ,
m*A £ m*, m*A £ m*B.
. . .
S , , . m*A = sup S, m*B = sup T.
F , F . , S Ì T, , - .
5. k
E=, m*E£.
. . , . e > 0, Gk,
GkÉEk, mGk<m*Ek+ (R=1, 2, 3, ).
D - , . ÌD, , 3.
m*E £ m= m£ ,
e.
= (EkEk=0, k¹k),
m*E³*Ek.
. n 1, 2,... , n. e > 0 Fk,
FkÌEk, mFk>m*Ek- (k=1, 2, , n).
Fk . , 6,
m*E ³ m= mFk > m*Ek - e.
e > 0 , m*Ek £ m*E.
. , , n, m*Ek m*Ek £ m*E.
, , Ek. , 1=[0, 1], 2=[0, 1] =1+2, m*E=1, m*E1+m*E2=2.
7. . D , ,
m* E+m*[CDE]=mD.
. e>0 F, FÌCD, mF>m*[CDE]- e.
G=CDF, G , , ,
m*E £ mG = mD - mF < mD - m*[CDE] + e.
, e, ,
m*E + m*[CDE] £ mD.
m*E + m*[CDE] ³ mD, (*)
.
D A B D (a, b),
A < a < A+, - < b < B.
, G = DG0 + (A, a) + (b, B).
G , , E ,
mG < m*E + e.
( ) F = CDG , F = [, b] × CG.
F Ì D, m*[D] ³ mF = mD - mG > mD - m*E -e.
, e, (*), .
.
m*[CD] - m*[CD] = m*E m*E.
, D, , m*[CD] + m* = mD,
m*[CD] + m*E = m*E + m*[CDE],
.
. , :
m*E=m*E.
E mE:
mE=m*E=m*E .
E , , mE . , .
1. .
1. 2, :
2. .
7, :
3. , D, D .
5 6 :
4. , ,
(kk = 0, k ¹ k),
:
.
, . , , , .
5. .
.
Ek (k =1, 2, , n) .
e>0 k Fk Gk,
Fk Ì Ek Ì Gk, mGk mFk < (k = 1, 2, , n).
, F , G ,
F Ì E Ì G, ,
mF £ m*E £ m* E £ mG. (*)
G F ( ⠠
G CF) . , . F , ,
G = F + (G F)
F G F , , mG = mF + m(G F),
m(G F) = mG mF.
m(Gk Fk) = mGk mFk (k = 1, 2, , n).
G-F(Gk-Fk).
, , 1,
m(G-F)
mG - mF<e.
(*) , m*E - m*E<e, e ,
m*E = m*E.
6. .
. E=, Ek . D - , Ek. , CDE=.
Ek Ek, , 5, CDE, E, .
7. .
. E = E1 - E2, E1 E2 . D - , E1 E2. E=E1CDE2 .
8. 7 E1 E2,
ME = mE1 - mE2.
. E1=E+E2 (EE2=0), , 4, mE1=mE+mE2, .
9. E , E .
. E=.
Ak (k=1, 2, ),
A1=E1, A2=E2-E1, , Ak=Ek-(E1++Ek-1),
, . Ak ( ), 4.
( 5 ) , k = [0, k], k = [0, +) .
10. .
. k, k . 1, . D - , , k= D k (k=1, 2, 3, ).
k=k)=k.
, , 3 9.
, .
11. 1, 2, 3, .
,
[mEn].
. ,
=1 + (2 1) + (3 2) + (4 3) + ,
. , 4 8, ,
,
{
,
mE1+=mEn
12. E1, E2,E3, , = . 1ÉE2ÉE3É,
mE=lim.
. . , D - , 1,
DE1ÌCDE2ÌCDE3Ì ..., CDE=.
11 ,
m(DE)=
:
mD - mE=
.
, . , b , , . , - . . b Î , Î A, f() b=f ().
b=f(), b , b. b .
* , * * ( , Î*, f() Î*, bÎ*, Î* , f() = b). * *, : *= f(*).
* *.
, .
1. j () Z , :
½j () - j (y)½= ½ y ½.
, Z Z, Z.
, Z c - , , Z . . .
1. j ( ) . ¹ y, j ( ) ¹ j (y).
, ½j () - j (y) ½ = ½ - y½¹ 0.
2. a) Ì , j () Ì j ( ).
b)
c)
d) L , j(L) = L
; , ) 1.
, :
I. j () = + d (),
II. j () = - ( ),
III. j () = - + d.
, ( , III II) Z.
3. j () ,
j () = + d,
j () = - + d.
. , j (0) = d. | j () d | = | | , ,
j ( ) = (-1) s( ) + d [s() = 0, 1].
s () ¹ 0. , s () .
x y , x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0, x ¹ y.
j (x) - j (y) = (-1) s (x) x (-1) s (y) y,
j (x) - j (y) = (-1) s (x) [x (-1) r y],
r = s (y) - s (x) r = 1, 0, -1.
, ,
| x (-1) r y| = | x - y|.
, x (-1)r y = x y, x (-1)r y = -x + y.
, ,
2x = y [1 + (-1) r ], ( r = 1) x = 0, ( r = 0) x = y, .
, , , r = 0, .. s(x) = s(y).
, x ¹ 0 s (x)
s (x) = s (s = 0, 1), j (x) = (-1) s x + d.
, , x = 0, .
. y Î Z x Î Z, .. j (Z) = Z.
, j (x) = (-1) s x + d, y x = (-1) s (y-d).
j-1 (x) = (-1) s (x d)
.
j [j-1 (x)] = j-1[j (x)] = x.
, j y, j-1 y . , .
4. : ) , - -;
b) .
. D = (a, b) . j (x) = x + d D (+ d, b + d), j (x) = -x + d (d b, d a). mj (D) = b a = mD.
b), - . D , ,
j () Ì j (D), j () . : | | < k, j(E) | |<k+|d|.
5. : ) ;
b) .
. a) j (F) F. 0 - j (F) {n},
lim n = 0 , n Î j(F).
0=j-1(0), n= 1(n).
nÎF. | n 0 | = | n 0 |, n 0 , F, 0 Î F, 0 = j (0) Î j (F).
j(F) .
b) G . F=CG. F G+F=Z, G F=0.
, 2 3,
j (G) + j (F) = Z, j (G) j (F) = 0,
.. j (G) j (F) , , .
6. .
. G . j(G) . dk(k = 1, 2, 3) G. 4, j(G) j(dk), , j(G). : mj(G)=j(dk)=dk = mG, .
7. , .
. ) E . e>0, G, GÉE, mG < m* E + e.
j(G) , j(E).
m*j(E) £mj(G)=mG < m*E+e.
e, , m*j(E) £m* E, . , .
m*j(E)=m*E.
b) D - , . j (D) , j (). , , =D E.
+=D, =0 ,
j (E)+j ()= j ( D), j () j ()=0,
j () j () j (D)., 7,
m* j ()+m * j ()=mj (D)
, 4,
m* +m* j ()=mD.
m*j ()=mD-m* (CD), 7, ,
m*j ()=m* .
. .
2. , , .
.
8. . , , .
.
, .
1. .
. 1, 2, 3,
k , k. k , 4.
0, .
1.
, Fs.
2.
,
, Gd.
2. Fs Gd .
.
, .
5. .
.
. [-1/2, +1/2] , x , , - . : Î[-1/2, +1/2] K (), [-1/2, +1/2], + r, r- . Î K().
, K() K() . , , zÎK()K(). z = + r= + r, r r ,
= + r - r, rx r , = x + rx - r.
, t Î K(),
t = + r = x + (rx - r + r) = x + r,
tÎK(x) K() Ì K(x). , K(x) Ì K() , K(x) = K(), .. K(x) K() , , .
.
, .
.
, [-1, +1]:
r = 0, r1, r2, r3,
k ,
jk (x) = x + rk.
( , x Î A, x + rkÎ Ak, x Î Ak, x - rk Î A).
, 0 = A. k , ( 8)
m*Ak = m*A = a, m*Ak = m*A = b (k = 0, 1, 2, ).
b > 0. (1)
,
[-, +]. (2)
, Î [- , +], . A 0, - 0 , , [-1, +1], - 0 = rk Î Ak. , (2) .
( 5):
1=m*[-, +] £ m*[] £ ,
. .
1£b + b + b + ...,
(1).
a=0. (3)
, n ¹ m
AnAm=0. (4)
, z AnAm, n=z-rn, m=z-rm (, ) A, .. , , n-m=rm-rn . , (4) .
, , k
AkÌ [- , + ]
( , ÎAk, x= x0+rk, ÷ 0½£ 1/2, ½rk½£ 1),
Ì [-,+]. (5)
(5) (4), 6 ,
3=m*[- , + ] ³ m*[] ³ ,
ࠠ
a+a+a+ £ 3 a=0
(1) (3), m*<m*, .
. [-1/2, +1/2], , , , Ì . , .
, , , ..
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