. , , ,

,,,

, , , .. , ..

, .

1. (a, b) , .. b - a. :

m (a, b) = b - a

, m (a, b) > 0.

1. D d1, d2, ..., dn,

. D = (A, B), dk = (ak, bk) (k = 1, 2, , n).

, , dk , ..

a1 < a2 < < an.

, , bk £ ak+1 (k = 1, 2, , n - 1), dk dk+1 .

Q = (B - bn) + (an - bn-1) + + (a2 - b1) + (a1 - A)

. , , .

. D dk (k = 1, 2, 3, ),

.

[ , , + ¥; . k< C ( ) .]

2. mG G dk:

( , {dk}, dk, , , k k.)

,

mG< + ¥

G , , ,

mG=0,

mG³0.

D , G,

mG £ mD,

.

( G0). G0 .

(1/3, 2/3) 1/3. : (1/9, 2/9) (7/9, 8/9), 1/9 .

, 1/27 ..

mG0 =

,

mG0 = 1.

1. G1 G2 . G1 Ì G2,

mG1 £ mG2.

. di (i = 1, 2, ) Dk (k = 1, 2, ) , , G1 G2.

4, 5, .II, di ( ) Dk.

{di} 1, 2, 3,, di k , di Ì Dk.

, ,

.

, 1,

, ,

.

. G , G.

2. G

,

.

.

. (i = 1, 2, ) Gk. , G.

, , G, . , G. , , , G. ( m) - . m Î Gk'. ( k¢ ¹ k, Gk m .) Gk¢ , , m m Î di¢(k¢). , di(k) di¢(k¢) , Gk Gk¢= 0.

, , di(k) G. , G di(k) . , . ,

(i = 1, 2, ; k = 1, 2, )

G.

, :

=

.

( ) , .

2. [P, Q] (l, m ).

. *, : (l1,) - H, P

l1 < P < m1

( ). , m1>Q, (l1, m1) , H* . m1Q, m1Î[P, Q], H ( l2, m2), m1 ,

l2 < m1 < m2

, m2>Q, , (l1, m1) ( l2, m2) *.

m2Q, m2Î[P, Q], H ( l3, m3), m2.

l3 < m2 < m3

m3>Q, , m3Q, .

H , H ,

m1 < m2 < m3 <

, , - mk Q.

mn>Q, mn-1£Q, .. n- .

(l1, m1), ( l2, m2), , (ln, mn) H. lk+1<mk (k = 1, 2, , n-1).

mn - l1 > Q P, Q P < ,

Q P < .

3. D

D = .

mD.

. D = (A, B) Gk di(k) (i = 1, 2, ).

e (0 < e < ) , D.

di(k) (i = 1, 2, ; k = 1, 2, ). 2, . II,

(s = 1, 2, n),

. , ,

B A - 2e < .

e ,

B A ,

.

3. G Gk, G = ,

mG.

. Di (i = 1, 2, ) G. mG = .

, 3, , ,

(*)

( ) ( i¹i`). , 2,

(**)

(*) (**), .

F S , F. , CSF m[CSF]. .

1. F

S=[A, B] , F.

, 0. , , .

.

1. F=[a, b]. , , S=[a, b] CsF=0, , m [a, b] = b a, . . .

2. F

, ; , ,

(k=1, 2, n-1),

,

,

.. .

3. ( ).

.. . , .

1. F .

. , 1, Ì (, ), 1, ,

. F , D,

D- [ CDF]

. CDF , . D=(A, B), , F, S=[a, b] (.1.).

, DF=CDS+CsF.

. 1

. , ( 2) m[CDF]=m[CDS]+m[CsF].

, ,CDS = (A, a) + (b, B),

m[CD] = (a-A) + (B-b),

,

m[CDF]=(B-A)-(b-a)+m[CsF],

.

2. F1 F2 . F1Ì F2, mF1£ mF2.

. D , F2. , DF1 É CDF2, , , m[CDF1 ] [ CDF2 ], .

. F , F.

3. F , G . FÌ G, mFmG.

. D , G. , D= G+CDF, , 3, , mDmG + m[CDF], .

4. G , G.

. , mG FÌG, , mG.

G (lk, mk ) (k=1, 2, ), mG = (mk - lk).

e > 0 n, mk - lk)> mG - .

k (k=1, 2, , n) [ak, bk],

[ak bk,] Ì (lk, mk), m[ak, bk] > m(lk, mk) -,

( hk,

0 < hk < min[, ]

ak = lk+hk, bk =mk - hk). , ,

F0= k, bk].

, , F0 Ì G, F0

mF0=(bk-ak) > (mk-lk) - > mG - e.

e , .

5. F , F.

. , , , F , mF.

D, F, CDF. e>0, ( 4) , Ì DF, m>m[CDF] - e.

G0 = D. , G0 , F.

mG0 = mD - m < mD - m[CDF] + e = mF + e

.

6 . F

F = (FkFk = 0, k ¹ k).

mF =

. , F = F1+F2 (F1F2=0).

e > 0 G1 G2 ,

Gi É Fi (i = 1, 2),

.

G = G1 + G2.

G , F. ,

mF £ mG £ mG1 + mG2 < mF1 + mF2 + e.

e,

mF £ mF1 + mF2 (*)

, , B1 B2,

Bi É Fi (i = 1, 2), B1B2 = 0.

e > 0 G, G É F, mG < mF + e.

B1G B2G , , , F1 F2.

,

MF1 + mF2 £ m(B1G) + m(B2G) = m [B1G + B2G]

( ). B1G + B2G Ì G,

mF1+mF2 £ mG < mF+e

e,

mF1 + mF2 £ mF. (**)

(*) (**),

mF = mF1 + mF2,

.

 

1. m*E E , E:

, E c , 0 £ m*E < +¥.

2. m*E E , E:

m*E=.

, E , 0 £ m*E < +¥.

1. G ,

m*G = m*G = mG.

1 4.

2. F ,

m*F = m*F = mF.

2 5.

3.

m*E £ m*E.

. G , . F , F Ì G , 3, mF £ mG. m*E £ mG. G, , m*E £ m*E, .

4. A B . A Ì ,

m*A £ m*, m*A £ m*B.

. . .

S , , . m*A = sup S, m*B = sup T.

F , F . , S Ì T, , - .

5. k

E=, m*E£.

. . , . e > 0, Gk,

GkÉEk, mGk<m*Ek+ (R=1, 2, 3, ).

D - , . ÌD, , 3.

m*E £ m= m£ ,

e.

6. k

= (EkEk=0, k¹k),

m*E³*Ek.

. n 1, 2,... , n. e > 0 Fk,

FkÌEk, mFk>m*Ek- (k=1, 2, , n).

Fk . , 6,

m*E ³ m= mFk > m*Ek - e.

e > 0 , m*Ek £ m*E.

. , , n, m*Ek m*Ek £ m*E.

, , Ek. , 1=[0, 1], 2=[0, 1] =1+2, m*E=1, m*E1+m*E2=2.

7. . D , ,

m* E+m*[CDE]=mD.

. e>0 F, FÌCD, mF>m*[CDE]- e.

G=CDF, G , , ,

m*E £ mG = mD - mF < mD - m*[CDE] + e.

, e, ,

m*E + m*[CDE] £ mD.

m*E + m*[CDE] ³ mD, (*)

.

e>0 G0, G0 É , mG0 < m*E + .

D A B D (a, b),

A < a < A+, - < b < B.

, G = DG0 + (A, a) + (b, B).

G , , E ,

mG < m*E + e.

( ) F = CDG , F = [, b] × CG.

F Ì D, m*[D] ³ mF = mD - mG > mD - m*E -e.

, e, (*), .

.

m*[CD] - m*[CD] = m*E m*E.

, D, , m*[CD] + m* = mD,

m*[CD] + m*E = m*E + m*[CDE],

.


 

. , :

m*E=m*E.

E mE:

mE=m*E=m*E .

, , , , (L).

E , , mE . , .

1. .

1. 2, :

2. .

7, :

3. , D, D .

5 6 :

4. , ,

(kk = 0, k ¹ k),

:

.

, . , , , .

5. .

.

Ek (k =1, 2, , n) .

e>0 k Fk Gk,

Fk Ì Ek Ì Gk, mGk mFk < (k = 1, 2, , n).

,

, F , G ,

F Ì E Ì G, ,

mF £ m*E £ m* E £ mG. (*)

G F ( ⠠

G CF) . , . F , ,

G = F + (G F)

F G F , , mG = mF + m(G F),

m(G F) = mG mF.

,

m(Gk Fk) = mGk mFk (k = 1, 2, , n).

G-F(Gk-Fk).

, , 1,

m(G-F)

mG - mF<e.

(*) , m*E - m*E<e, e ,

m*E = m*E.

6. .

. E=, Ek . D - , Ek. , CDE=.

Ek Ek, , 5, CDE, E, .

7. .

. E = E1 - E2, E1 E2 . D - , E1 E2. E=E1CDE2 .

8. 7 E1 E2,

ME = mE1 - mE2.

. E1=E+E2 (EE2=0), , 4, mE1=mE+mE2, .

9. E , E .

. E=.

Ak (k=1, 2, ),

A1=E1, A2=E2-E1, , Ak=Ek-(E1++Ek-1),

, . Ak ( ), 4.

( 5 ) , k = [0, k], k = [0, +) .

10. .

. k, k . 1, . D - , , k= D k (k=1, 2, 3, ).

k=k)=k.

, , 3 9.

, .

11. 1, 2, 3, .

 

,

[mEn].

. ,

=1 + (2 1) + (3 2) + (4 3) + ,

. , 4 8, ,

,

{

,

mE1+=mEn

12. E1, E2,E3, , = . 1ÉE2ÉE3É,

mE=lim.

. . , D - , 1,

DE1ÌCDE2ÌCDE3Ì ..., CDE=.

11 ,

m(DE)=

:

mD - mE=

.

, . , b , , . , - . . b Î , Î A, f() b=f ().

b=f(), b , b. b .

* , * * ( , Î*, f() Î*, bÎ*, Î* , f() = b). * *, : *= f(*).

* *.

, .

1. j () Z , :

½j () - j (y)½= ½ y ½.

, Z Z, Z.

, Z c - , , Z . . .

1. j ( ) . ¹ y, j ( ) ¹ j (y).

, ½j () - j (y) ½ = ½ - y½¹ 0.

2. a) Ì , j () Ì j ( ).

b)

c)

d) L , j(L) = L

; , ) 1.

, :

I. j () = + d (),

II. j () = - ( ),

III. j () = - + d.

, ( , III II) Z.

3. j () ,

j () = + d,

j () = - + d.

. , j (0) = d. | j () d | = | | , ,

j ( ) = (-1) s( ) + d [s() = 0, 1].

s () ¹ 0. , s () .

x y , x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0, x ¹ y.

j (x) - j (y) = (-1) s (x) x (-1) s (y) y,

j (x) - j (y) = (-1) s (x) [x (-1) r y],

r = s (y) - s (x) r = 1, 0, -1.

, ,

| x (-1) r y| = | x - y|.

, x (-1)r y = x y, x (-1)r y = -x + y.

, ,

2x = y [1 + (-1) r ], ( r = 1) x = 0, ( r = 0) x = y, .

, , , r = 0, .. s(x) = s(y).

, x ¹ 0 s (x)

s (x) = s (s = 0, 1), j (x) = (-1) s x + d.

, , x = 0, .

. y Î Z x Î Z, .. j (Z) = Z.

, j (x) = (-1) s x + d, y x = (-1) s (y-d).

j (x) = (-1) s x + d , 堠

j-1 (x) = (-1) s (x d)

.

j [j-1 (x)] = j-1[j (x)] = x.

, j y, j-1 y . , .

4. : ) , - -;

b) .

. D = (a, b) . j (x) = x + d D (+ d, b + d), j (x) = -x + d (d b, d a). mj (D) = b a = mD.

b), - . D , ,

j () Ì j (D), j () . : | | < k, j(E) | |<k+|d|.

5. : ) ;

b) .

. a) j (F) F. 0 - j (F) {n},

lim n = 0 , n Î j(F).

0=j-1(0), n= 1(n).

nÎF. | n 0 | = | n 0 |, n 0 , F, 0 Î F, 0 = j (0) Î j (F).

j(F) .

b) G . F=CG. F G+F=Z, G F=0.

, 2 3,

j (G) + j (F) = Z, j (G) j (F) = 0,

.. j (G) j (F) , , .

6. .

. G . j(G) . dk(k = 1, 2, 3) G. 4, j(G) j(dk), , j(G). : mj(G)=j(dk)=dk = mG, .

7. , .

. ) E . e>0, G, GÉE, mG < m* E + e.

j(G) , j(E).

m*j(E) £mj(G)=mG < m*E+e.

e, , m*j(E) £m* E, . , .

m*j(E)=m*E.

b) D - , . j (D) , j (). , , =D E.

+=D, =0 ,

j (E)+j ()= j ( D), j () j ()=0,

j () j () j (D)., 7,

m* j ()+m * j ()=mj (D)

, 4,

m* +m* j ()=mD.

m*j ()=mD-m* (CD), 7, , 

m*j ()=m* .

. .

2. , , .

.

8. . , , .

.

, .

1. .

. 1, 2, 3,

k , k. k , 4.

0, .

1.

, Fs.

2.

,

, Gd.

9 10

2. Fs Gd .

. Fs , , , .

Gd, D - , , , .

3. , , , . ().

, Fs Gd .

2, , .

3. , (), (L).

: (L) (). .. (1894-1919). -, ( ) (L). , .

, (L)? , .

4. , , .. 2.

. , 2.

, - ( Э0) S . , , , SÌM, = 2, , 2.

.

, .

5. .

.

. [-1/2, +1/2] , x , , - . : Î[-1/2, +1/2] K (), [-1/2, +1/2], + r, r- . Î K().

, K() K() . , , zÎK()K(). z = + r= + r, r r ,

= + r - r, rx r , = x + rx - r.

, t Î K(),

t = + r = x + (rx - r + r) = x + r,

tÎK(x) K() Ì K(x). , K(x) Ì K() , K(x) = K(), .. K(x) K() , , .

.

, .

.

, [-1, +1]:

r = 0, r1, r2, r3,

k ,

jk (x) = x + rk.

( , x Î A, x + rkÎ Ak, x Î Ak, x - rk Î A).

, 0 = A. k , ( 8)

m*Ak = m*A = a, m*Ak = m*A = b (k = 0, 1, 2, ).

,

b > 0. (1)

,

[-, +]. (2)

, Î [- , +], . A 0, - 0 , , [-1, +1], - 0 = rk Î Ak. , (2) .

( 5):

1=m*[-, +] £ m*[] £ ,

. .

1£b + b + b + ...,

(1).

, ,

a=0. (3)

, n ¹ m

AnAm=0. (4)

, z AnAm, n=z-rn, m=z-rm (, ) A, .. , , n-m=rm-rn . , (4) .

, , k

AkÌ [- , + ]

( , ÎAk, x= x0+rk, ÷ 0½£ 1/2, ½rk½£ 1),

Ì [-,+]. (5)

(5) (4), 6 ,

3=m*[- , + ] ³ m*[] ³ ,

a+a+a+ £ 3 a=0

(1) (3), m*<m*, .

. [-1/2, +1/2], , , , Ì . , .

, , , ..

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :