. , , ,

,,,

2005 .

:

.. 3

1. (the Noun) .. 5

1.1. . 5

1.2. . 5

1.3. . 9

1.4. . 11

1.6. . 15

1.7. . 17

1.8. . 19

2. .. 20

2.1. . 20

2.2. . 22

.. 29

... 31


, , , -. , - , , - , . , ..

, , - . (384-322 . .) - , .

, .. , - . , .. , . : , , , . ..[1], ..[2], ..[3] .

. , , , .

, , .

:

1) ;

2) , , ;

3) ;

4) ;

5) .


1. (the Noun)

1.1.

, [4] : ? (Who is this?) ? (What is this?). (a table, a house, water), (a girl, a cat), (rain, peace, beauty, work, darkness).

: 1) , , ; 2) , - ; 3) , - , , , : 1) , - ; 2) ( - ), .

1.2.

, , [5].

. , - .

, 25 , : feet - , geese - , teeth - , men - , women - , lice - mice - . ( . -n), brethren - , children - oxen - . , treen trees - housen houses - . , - (.. ), -en . -s stan stanas - (. . . stone - stones). .

s, [z] [s] :

hand - - hands

machine - - machines

, s, ss, x, sh, ch, . . , -es . -es [iz]:

Class classes

Box box

, -y , -es, -y i:

city cities

army - armies

y , -s. y i:

day days

boy - boys

-s, :

man - - men -

woman - - women -

people : there were many people there, , people , , , : The Russian people is invincible - .

(, , ): tidings - , thanks .

police.

, : a, an, the.

a (an , ) one , -, .

I am a student. - .

This is an apple. - (- ).

, .

This is a book. There are books.

, a (an) .

the that. , , , . , , .

:

1) .

Where is the pen? ? ( )

2) , .

What is the longest river in the world? He was the first to come.

3) ( , , , , ..).

The Indian ocean, the Baltic sea, the North, the Thames, the Alps.

4) , .

What is the brightest mountain in the world?

5) , : in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, etc.

. :

1) - .

Crime is a problem in most big cities. , - .

Life has changed a lat in the last to year. , .

2) : England, Russia, London, Mr.Johnson, Tuscany. , , . The Johnsons. .

3) , . He always go the South in summer. English classes are on Monday.

1.3.

. - , , - .

, .. :

mona - , steorra - ,

bricg - , tigol - - ,

scip - , eage - - .

, : wlf - mægden - .[6]

XVII . , , - , , it.

, , .

, , .[7]

- , . , man woman, author authoress.

, . , , : -ess, -ette, -ine.

hostess, waitress, governess, stewardess .

woman doctor, she-doctor, doctress, doctorine.

, ette: astronette, cosmonette, aviarette, farmarette, pickette - woman striker ( -), copette woman police officer (-). -: usherette, screenette, glamorette.

, , , :

1. : - man, boy; - woman, girl; table, house;

2. - he, she, it;

3. : -ess, -ine, -er, -ette;

4. : a woman-doctor, a he-cousin.

1.4.

- , , . , III . . [8]. - .

, .. . - , : , , , , . (.. , ), ( , , , , ). , . .[9]

. , , .. .. [10]. , , . [11].

- : Proper Nouns , Common Nouns , Concrete Nouns , Abstract Nouns , Collective Nouns Material Nouns .

- - , , .

, , . , , .. , , Countable Uncountable [12], .. - Animate , Inanimate Human - Non-human [13].

, - , : , , , , , , , , , - . - , - , - .

, . , : , .

(Simple Nouns) - , , : pen ; rod , ; rock , ..

(Derivative Nouns) - , : worker ( to work ), freedom ( free ), friendship ( friend ), misprint ( print , ), inflexibility , flexible ) . .

- , - [14].

. . , :

1) - , ;

2) - , , , ;

3) , .[15]

[] (Compound Nouns) - , , , : shadowgraph (), penknife , railway , bluebell , breakstone ..

.

(Common Nouns) : a book, a house, a day . .

(Proper Nouns) . (Mary, Jack London, Peter Norton); (the Pacific Ocean, Britain, the United States, London, the Great Lakes); , , . . (the Kremlin, Trafalgar Square, the Economist).

. , : Sunday, Tuesday, April, November, an American, a Russian . .

(Countable Nouns) (Uncountable Nouns).

, . , : a book - three books, a day-two days. , : a book-the book.

many, few, a few ) :

I haven't many English books. .

I have few English books. .

I have a few English books. .

(Concrete Nouns) - a cat, a desk, a student - , (Abstract Nouns),- a month, a night, a song, a talk.

, . . much, little, a little, some, any.

Will you have tea or coffee? , ?

Do you like much sugar in your tea? ?

There Is some milk in the jug. .

, : freedom, anger, love, (Material Nouns), : air, snow, steel, salt, sugar.

, - . , glass beauty - , , : a glass - two glasses, a beauty - beauties.

1.6.

(The Case), . , . , . , , , : , , . , , , 's.

, , - , 's. . , , : , , , , , - . : , , , .

(The Nominative Case), .

(The Possessive Case) , - . , - :

my sons birthday

the books name .

- ' -s, , , -s, .

, the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, a ship, , , .


1.7.

, , . , - , , , , , , .

:

1) :

The night was very dark. .

Heat is the energy of the movement of molecules. - .

2) :

His father was a miner. .

Heat is a form of energy. - .

3) (, ):

The Soviet industry has given the miner ( ) the coal cormbine ( ). .

Uranium can be produced from thorium ( ). .

4) :

Have you any laboratory experience? (. )?

The atomic reactor is encased in a jacket of steel. .

5) :

walked back slowly into the room. .

Bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. , .

, . ..: , , , , , , , [16]. (, ), (, ), (, , ). , , , , - ..[17].

, , , , , .., : , , , [18].


1.8.

, , . .

+ to (: in his anxiety to help - ).

+ , (: her anxiety for news - ).

+ , that (: the fact that you speak French well - , -).

+ + () + (, his knowledge of how to do it - , ; his knowledge of how Green had done it - , ).

, .


2.

2.1.

, , : , , , , , . - , . , , - , . .

..-: - , , , , , .[19]

.. Ը: - , - ( ), , ( ).[20]

.. : - . , .[21]

.. : , .[22]

, . : , . , , , .[23]

- , . , , , , () .[24]

. , .. [25], .. [26] .. [27].

.. , , : ; ; ; .

.. .

- - .

.. - . , .[28]

.. - . : , .

.. : ; ; ; ; ; ; .

- . - , , , .

2.2.

: . . , ׸ . William Shakespeare Two Tragedies. ., 1985.

1) This island consists of little else than the sea sand, and is about three miles ago.[29]

.[30]

. . sea .

2) The shrub here often attains the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and forms an almost impenetrable coppice, burthening the air with its fragrance.[31]

- , .[32]

: scrub , - .

3) His chief amusements were gunning and fishing, sauntering along the beach and through the myrtles, in quest of shells or entomological specimens - his collection of the latter might have been envied by a Swammerdamm.[33]

. .[34]

.

) , ;

b) amusements . beach ;

c) : entomological specimens - .

4) Here again he made an anxious examination of the paper; turning it in all directions. He said nothing.[35]

, , , .[36]

, , . , . examination . .

5) Ah, if I had only known you were here! said Legrand, but it is so long since I saw you; and how could I foresee that you would pay me a visit this very night of all others?[37]

, !- - . , ?

visit , . night . : . , evening - , 8 - night. very night , 12 . .[38]

6) I had never seen the good old Negro look so dispirited, and I feared that some serious disaster had befallen my friend.[39]

- , : ?

. good . . - .[40]

7) Jupiter opened the door, and large Newfoundland, belonging to Legrand, rushed in, leaped upon my shoulders, and loaded me with caresses; for I had shown him much attention during previous visits.[41]

, ; .[42]

: - .[43] Newfoundland - .

- : , , .

8) Here was a long pause. At length the Negro asked: Is de lef ` eye ob de skull pon de same side as de lef` hand ob de skull too?- cause de skull aint not a bit ob a hand at all - nebber mind![44]

, .- , ? .. , .[45]

, lef-left; nebber-never obde . . .[46]

pause , - . .

length .

9) luto - this was the cat`s name - Was my favourite pet and Playmate. I alone fed him, and He attended me wherever. I Went about the house.[47]

- , . , , .[48]

playmate - ( , . , - . , , .

10) This latter was a remarkable large and beautiful animal, entirely black and sagacious to an astonishing degree. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as witches in disguise.[49]

, , , , . , , , , .[50]

, animal , - .

, : animal , .

, , , entirely black , .

: was tinctured . superstition - .

, , , .

, , . . , . , , .

night nighted (benighted): Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off (I, 2), thy night-like colour.

, , : ... twas caviare to the general... (II, 2) ( ).

, . , , , :

Young Fortinbras hath in the skirts of Norway here and there sharkd up a list of lawless resolutes. (I, 1)

and I this morning know where we shall find him most conveniently. (I, 1)

And I with them the third night kept the watch. (I, 2)

I shall the affect of this good lesson keep. (I, 3)

Tis in my memory lockd. (I, 3)

and you yourself have of your audience been most free and bounteous. (I, 3)

and then I prescripts gave her, that she should lock herself from his resort (II, 2)

For I mine eyes will rivet to his face. (III, 2)

I your commission will forthwith dispatch. (III, 3)

Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended. (III, 4)

, .


, , , . : 1) - ; 2) - ; 3) - ; 4) - ; 5) - .

, .

- , , - . , . , - , - .

- .

: , , , , .

, . 蠠 : . , . , , .


1.   . - .: , 1982.

2.   . . . - .: , 1989.- 254 .

3.   .. . - .: , 1986, 295 .

4.   . . . - .: . , 1975.- 240 .

5.   : . . - 2, - , 1999. - 134 .

6.   .. . - .: . , 1994. - 381 .

7.   . . 蠠 ࠠ : 3 - . - .: - , 2002. - 208 .

8.   : . . - , 2002.

9.   .. . . -.: , 1976.- 695 .

10.            .., .. . - ., 1978.

11.            . . . . .: ; , 2000. - 320 .

12.            .. .. . - .: , 2002. - 716 .

13.            .. . ., 1978.

14.            . . ( ). . - - . ./ - .: . ., 1990 - 253 .

15.            /. . , - , 1990.

16.            . . . ., 1976.

17.            - . . . - .: , 1980. - 237 .

18.            . . : . 57.000 / . . . - 20 ., . .: . .,1988 - 750.

19.            . : , 1982 448., .

20.            .. . , 1886. - . 3.

21.            . . 蠠 . - : . , 1974 - 216 .

22.            .. . ., 1955.

23.            - .. .: . . - .: / Slovo , 2000 - 624 .

24.            Ը . . 頠 ( ). .: . . , 1986 395 .

25.            .. // . . 1999. - 1.

26.            . . . - .: . , 1975 - 80.

27.            .., .. . - ., - , 1995.

28.            .. . ., 1969.

29.            Alexander, L.G. Longman English Grammar, London, 1988.

30.            Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. 1994 406 p.

31.            Ganshina, M.A., Vasilevskaya, N.M., 1964.

32.            Nesfield, J.C. English Grammar Past and Present, London, 1944.

33.            William Shakespeare Two Tragedies. ., 1985.



[1] .. . ., 1955.

[2] .., .. . - ., 1978.

[3] .. . ., 1969.

[4] .. .. . .: , 2002, .8.

[5] . . . . - .1989.

[6] .. . ., 1978.

[7] .. // . . 1999. - 1.

[8] /. . , - , 1990. .473.

[9] , 1982, . 460.

[10] Ganshina, M.A., Vasilevskaya, N.M., 1964, . 20.

[11] Nesfield, J.C. English Grammar Past and Present, London, 1944. .200.

[12] Alexander, L.G. Longman English Grammar, London, 1988, .38.

[13] .. . , 1994. .39.

[14] . . . ., 1976. .24.

[15] .. . ., 1986. .78.

[16] .. . , 1886. - . 3. . 73.

[17] .. . - .: , 1976. - . 64.

[18] .: .., .. . - ., - , 1995.

[19] - . . . - .: , 1980. - 237 .; .136.

[20] Ը . . 頠 ( ). .: . . , 1986 - 395.; .15.

[21] . . 蠠 ࠠ : 3 - . .: - , 2002. - 208 .; .17.

[22] . . . - .: . , 1975.- 240.; .11.

[23] : . . - 2, - , 1999. 134 .; .6.

[24] : . . - , 2002. .3.

[25] . . . .

[26] . . ( ). . - - . ./ - .: . ., 1990 - 253 .

[27] . . 蠠 . - : . , 1974 - 216 .

[28] . . . .. 173.

[29] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. 1994 406 p. .273.

[30] . : , 1982 448., .; .264.

[31] Edgar Poe Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .273.

[32] . .264.

[33] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .274.

[34] . .265.

[35] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .277.

[36] . .267.

[37] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .275.

[38] - . . .: . . - .: / Slovo , 2000 - 624 .; .58.

[39] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .277.

[40] . . : . 57.000 / . . . - 20 ., . .: . .,1988 - 750.; .138.

[41] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .276.

[42] . .266.

[43] . . . . .: ; , 2000. - 320 .; .63.

[44] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .287.

[45] . .275.

[46] . . . - .: . , 1975 - 80.; .66.

[47] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .312.

[48] . .296.

[49] Edgar Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Books. A Penguin / Godfrey Gave Edition. .312.

[50] . .296.

2005 . : .. 3 1. (the Noun) .. 5 1.1.

 

 

 

! , , , .
. , :